Approaches To Hr By Multinational Corporations Management Essay

Approaches To Hr By Multinational Corporations Management Essay For better understanding this is important to discuss what a multinational company is in first place. In short words multinational company can be defined as a company or an organization that serves or produce in more than one country is known as multinational company. Other names use for such kind of organizations is Multinational Corporation (MNC), Transnational Corporation (TNC) or Multinational Enterprise (MNE). Multinational organization can be engaged in manufacturing, services or the exploitation of natural resources in the operating countries. Different writers described different definition of multinational companies. According to Moore & Lewis (1999, P. 21) stated that â€Å"an enterprise that engages in foreign direct investment (FDI) and own or controls value – adding activities in more than one country is known as multinational enterprise†. As Jones (1996, p.4) says â€Å"An MNE is usually defined as firm that controls operations or income generating asset s in more than one country.† There is a long list of multinational firms like Sony, Nestle, Wal-Mart Stores, General Motors, Ford Motor, ConocoPhillips Microsoft, Nokia, Toyota Motors, Intel, Coco-Cola, Sony, IBM, Nike and Citigroup etc. Now the main question is about the multinational companies of different origin adopt different approaches of HRM practices. To discuss this section this is really important to discuss the HRM practices in first place, to define what HRM is and then its practices will be discussed throughout this essay step by step, and then practices of HRM in broader context for the MNCs or MNEs. HRM is modern word use in the businesses, which can be defined as â€Å"a model of personnel management that focuses on the individual rather than taking collective approach†. (www.dictionary.bnet.com). As Pennington & Edwards (2000, P. 4) stated that â€Å"Human Resource Management (HRM) is a new way of thinking about how people should be managed as employee s in the workplace†. It can be classified into two schools of thoughts.i.e. Hard HRM & Soft HRM. Both types of HRM are under studies of different authors in detail. Now to concentrate on the question directly a survey is going to be under studies â€Å"Country of origin effects and HRM in multinational companies† which took place in 2007 by P. Edwards et al. In which he discussed 302 UK based multinational companies, which cover both UK – owned and overseas – owned companies. This study will play an important part in the essay to get the conclusion either multinational companies of different nationalities have different HRM approaches and practices or not. 2- Challenges in multinationals According to Brett, Jeanne & Kristin, 2006, international business’s nature is going under a sea change. The globalisation, multi-nationalisation, and the geographical diversification is pushing companies towards change in their management structure and style. Multi nationals now need to consider regional market conditions and develop strategies to cater to each of the regional markets. 2.1- Culture shock Culture shock is the big challenge for multinationals, the difference brings the different thinking ways and working ways, and it needs time to adjust it. In most cases the expatriate manager prefer to emphasize and require the home office or home country values on the host country’s employees instead of accepting and learning within the new culture. (Adler, 2002)

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Employment Law - Essay Example or not? If it is proven that he is a regular or permanent employee, his right for continuing in the job would be very genuine unless he is indulged in illegal activity or unethical practice at work place. Various tests have to be applied for determining the nature of job performed by Tom. In the contract, it was mentioned that he was not able to avail the sick leave and pension benefits which suggests that he is not a regular employee. Moreover, Tom was assured of at least 20 training sessions which also indicates that his job is more of a contractual in nature. In case of his inability to attend the sessions due to his sickness, there is a clause for substituting him with another personal trainer with the permission of the company. This also indicates the intention of the company to utilize the services of the personal trainers on contractual basis. If one trainer fails, the other one should take care and as long as this process continues, the company will not have to bother about t he job of any personal trainer. Hence, in this context, the company has to clarify on which specific grounds, Tom was terminated and it has to explain the reasons for its conclusion on poor job performance. According to the contract law, once the agreement was made, the terms and conditions should be accurately followed and in cases of minor exceptions sufficient justification has to be provided. If it is not based on the proper justification, Tom should file case against Unfit Ltd. For removing him which comes under unfair practice. The case can be filed against the Unfit Ltd. as it violated both English contract law and unfair contract terms act (1977) (Ole Lando et al., 2003 ). The length of service is not in favor of Tom as it is very short i.e. one year and hence his nature of job may not be considered as regular and hence he will not be entitled to pension and other retirement benefits as declared by the company in its regulations. In addition, he was made responsible for his tax payment and insurance payment and he rather agreed to work on self employed basis to get tax benefits which indicates that he is not a regular employee in the company. His working conditions would be completely guided by the contract made between him and the Unfit Ltd. However, it doesn’t give any right to company to remove an employee with out quoting proper and logical reason. In the present case study, the company abuses that Tom terminated with immediate effect due to persistent poor job performance. However, more specific details are not available and there is a need for the company to prove this and then only the termination of Tom may be considered as fair. Hence, Tom may file a case against Unfit Ltd. As it violated the principles of European contract law (The commission on European contract law, 1999) In addition, the removal process must be in conformity with the contract clauses made between the Unfit Ltd. and Tom. There are different clauses like requirement o f wearing an uniform supplied by the company, requirement of utilizing the company’s equipment and support staff, allocation of atleast 20 sessions for personal training of the company’s employees. In the present case, there is no evidence that Tom violated any one of these clauses and hence his termination is illogical and he can claim in court of law against the Unfit Ltd. for unfair dismissal. The company dismissed Tom with out any notice which is also not fair and violation of the contract made

Mbuti Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mbuti Culture - Research Paper Example The Mbuti tribe is dependent on the forest for all the aspects of their life including getting their food, clothes, materials for hunting, item of play, musical instrument etc. In the recent times the tribesmen have come in contact with the agricultural people living the peripheries of the forest. However hunting remains their primary source of subsistence. Even in their trade with the agricultural people they exchange the meat they get from the forest in exchange for farm products (Tanno, n.d. pp. 1-51). The forest and hunting activities influenced the culture, social structures, gender relations and the beliefs and values of the Mbuti tribe associated with the Molimo ritual of the tribe. Social Organization The difference in the strategy for procuring the subsistence has attracted the interest of the anthropologist and ethnographers. Along with the difference in the hunting technique some difference in the social structure has also been observed with reference to the number of memb ers in the community. The inhabitants of the southwestern region, the net hunters live in a comparatively large camp consisting to seven to thirty families together. There method of hunting and distribution of the hunt are also of communal type. The women beat the under bush to drive the animals to the net which are looked after by the men. According to famous pygmy researcher Turnbull, this method of hunting requires a number of families to cooperate with each other in order to procure their subsistence. On the contrast the archers live in small groups of three to five. Individual members hunt with the help of arches and bows. The different operations of arching are tracking and ambushing which requires less number of men than net hunting. Several reasons have been cited for this difference in hunting pattern and consequent social structure based on region. According to Turnbull, this has occurred due to the historical distribution of the forest. The southwestern parts of the count ries have been subjected to encroachment for agriculture, mining, plantations, tourist centers etc. As a result the inhabitable land and the land for hunting and gathering have been reduced. On the other hand the population of the tribe has increased over the years. As a result the tribe was forced to increase their utilization of the reduced amount of available land. Moreover due to the Law of Diminishing Return the tribesmen had to undertake more work individually in order to maintain similar level of consumption. Another interesting feature that has been pointed out by the scholars is that the pygmy tribe has a low exposure to the technological advancement. Therefore they are unable to increase the utilization of the plot of land with the help of technology. To compensate for that, the tribesmen are required to increase the coordination and cooperation among themselves to maintain similar level of consumption. (Abruzzi, 1979) Renowned anthropologist, Harako suggests another alter native theory. According to him the original mode of hunting of the Mbuti tribe was archery. But some time in history a part of the tribe came in touch with the Bantu speaking tribes. In course of their interaction and exchange the Mbuti tribe learnt to use the net as a tool for hunting. This theory gives an explanation for the division of hunting methods

How did the plan to put a man on the moon by 1969 succeed, or was it Research Paper

How did the plan to put a man on the moon by 1969 succeed, or was it the moon landing faked - Research Paper Example Arguments from both sides have led to the dilemma whether man was able to land on the moon with the level of technology back then the manned landing was planned on earth for reasons of fame and power. Most of the conspiracy theories argue that The United States faked the moon landings to beat the Soviet Union and assure Americans that J.F. Kennedy has achieved his long-term goal. It was clear that the moon landing was faked until NASA counter-attacked the critics on behalf of the government. The landing of man on the moons surface was not a hoax. NASA claimed that it had it had carried out various researches on sending astronauts to the moon and the 1969 program was its first successful landing on the moon after the Apollo 1 program failed. According to NASA sources, the first program was not successful due to a fire in the cabin that led to the deaths of all astronauts. Improvements and renovations were made to the Apollo 11 making it possible for humans to land on the moon using the Lunar module (Braeunig). Kennedys administration funded the programs leading to the construction of two space centers, the Kennedy Space Center and the Johnson Space center. Funding of these centers at the time led to advances in technology in NASAs computers, avionics, and telecommunication systems. These technological advancements led to Armstrong and Aldrin landing on the moon on July 20, 1969 (Braeunig). Michael Collins was left at the command spacecraft to ensure departure preparation s for the Lunar Module. To present proof, the astronauts took pictures and recorded videos. They also took rock and soil samples from the moon and Neil Armstrong left the American flag on the surface of the moon (Knight 500). Above all, the Americans were the first to take a man to the moon and were ready to provide proof. Critics emerged as soon as NASA started transmitting the

Individual Developmental Plan Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual Developmental Plan - Article Example While considering my future plans related to improving my education and professional level, I established that UNB best suites my inclinations and requirements. I intended to pursue my further studies for the Masters Degree in Business Administration at the University of New Brunswick, Canada. This was an opportunity for me to travel and reside in Canada where the culture was quite different from what I had been used to back in Saudi Arabia. Studying for my MBA at University of New Brunswick was a cultural experience in which I developed in the process of learning the new culture and adjusting to it. In essence, the Arabian and Canadian perceived me in different ways, and they brought out the dissimilar part of me through the social exemplification of culture and personality. Owing to the fact that the two cultures are quite dissimilar from each other, they exemplify different characters in me. For instance, the culture in Saudi Arabia portrayed me as a conservative, cultured and tra ditional man since the cultural inclination of Saudi Arabia rewards and appreciates such characters. So while in Saudi Arabia I epitomize the Arabian culture of being religious and cultured but in Canada, the culture perceived me as a liberal, talkative and funny individual due to the cultural background that appreciates such characters. Therefore, the cultural experience in Canada had a lot of impact on my personal character because it exposed certain areas in my personality that was perhaps hidden by the Arabian culture back in my native country. This was symbolized by the constant need for me to adjust to the new culture, which was quite dissimilar to my home culture that I was familiar with. Comparatively, the cultures of Saudi Arabia and Canada have a lot of features in common that I witnessed in my experience in both places. Basically, culture espouses similar values that bond the society together. For instance, the social values of Saudi Arabia and Canada are the same in the sense that they are governed by religious activities. Though the two cultures profess different religions, Islam for Saudi Arabia and Christianity for Canada, the religions play a defining role in social life and influence the social norms. Similarly, both cultures are based on strong family values which govern the society and the family values are founded on the principles of love, unity, and godliness. In my experience, I witnessed several points of divergence in the cultures, which stemmed from the fundamental principles governing the respective cultures. First and foremost is the aspect of religion, which is the basis of culture. In Saudi Arabia, the culture is purely based on the Islamic culture whereby worship is an integral aspect of the culture. The Arabian culture is inherently conservative, and social relations are restricted with boys and girls separated from each other. Canada, on the other hand, is a liberal society that is based on Christian ideals; the culture emphasi zes strong family values and contemporary social behaviors. My personal style had a lot of influence on the process of cultural development while studying in the University of New Brunswick. The similarities with the cultures lay in my

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Personal statement - Essay Example I have been a part of many activities at my university due to this quality and confidence. I have many hobbies in life- ranging from reading to many kinds of sports. I have set several goals for myself, professionally and personally. One of my goals is to become a very successful professional in life. My academic area of interest has always been accounting and finance therefore I wish to work in the field of accounts and finance. Finance and accounting is considered to be the backbone of every business because of which CEOs acquire degrees in this field more than any other field. I wish to take this course since it is very broad in nature and offers open doors to many fields like public accounting, government jobs, private sector jobs etc. I have always been efficient with numbers and figures which is a good quality for a person in this field. I think that accounting and finance requires a person to have good analytical skills and logic. I have studied accounts and finance before as well, therefore possess basic knowledge about the concepts that are involved in it. This h as allowed me to enhance my analytical skills and directed me to explore more in this field on my own. My grades in mathematics have always been commendable that have helped me to develop logic and reasoning skills. The prevailing times of the global recession demands the knowledge of accounting and finance so that companies can cut their costs to the minimum. Such tasks are possible by strict accounting in the company. Companies are now fully aware of the fact that efficient internal controls should be deployed in the company to take care of their accounting and finances. Due to this fact, I feel I would be able to contribute a lot to my future organization if I have the knowledge of finance and accounting. I find this field of work challenging and exhilarating since

Financial or Economic Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Financial or Economic Systems - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the collapses of 2008 resulting from the financial crisis were critical in pushing the button for corporates to alter corporate actions and restructure to access a wider market. It also alarmed governments to initiate radical reforms of existing corporate governance to salvage the situation. Transitory states awoke to the realization that the privilege of investors inclined to companies and economies that implement sound corporate governance. In relation to this, the challenge of the industry is double-edged: the harmonization of corporate governance to universal standards and the improvement of competitiveness to enhance the attraction of more investment. A great diversity exists in both the status of corporate economic systems and the measures to enhance them in most countries. Presumably, the stated diversity is a reflection of the variegated circumstances of every country. The circumstances include the development state of a nation, the relationship be tween government and business, the financial structure inclusive of funds procurement structures, the shareholding structure and the market for talent among others. Of interest are the commonalities that surface in the direction of system improvements. To say, the direction of enhancement in governance via mutual supervision and the improvements in mechanisms to this end is a typical feature in most countries with most countries endeavoring to enhance corporate systems. All this aim at maximizing long-term corporate value based on the perspective of an array of stakeholders. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the approaches to enhancing corporate governance differ in relation to a country's economic ideology as earlier mentioned. For instance, a capitalistic economy would approach governance from a different viewpoint compared to a command-based economy. From theory, it is widely known that command economies dictate that the government makes the decision on the goods and service to be produced, coupled with their distribution. In this economy, government officials evaluate the needs and resources of the country or state and allocate or distribute the resources according to the evaluation. Arguably, rather than a hedge on the requirements of individual consumers, service and goods delivery inclines to aggregate needs.