Maximizing the Unearned Dollar

â€Å"Workin’ 9 to 5, what a way to make a living; barely gettin’ by, it’s all talkin’ and no givin’ (Parton, p.1)†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Dolly Parton had the right idea when she wrote this song. We have to work to be able to pay for necessities such as housing, clothing, and food. In addition to necessity, having enough money left over at the end of the month to go watch a show or eat at a nice restaurant is an added bonus. Most of us put our nose to the grind stone only to live by the old â€Å"pay check to pay check† creed. Payday arrives and it’s smiles all around. Money makes us happy, but more money makes us ecstatic.There are the lucky few who win the Publisher’s Clearinghouse sweepstakes or the lottery, but the rest of us have to stretch our dollars as far as they will go.   If you aren’t rich, stretching the dollar is a way of life. However, not everyone wants to live that way. For them, there are several alternatives. They can hit up their wealthy relatives, further their education, chose to work a not-so-glamorous job, or they can turn to crime.Unfortunately, not everyone has wealthy relatives, not everyone has their mind set to get their Masters degree, and not everyone has the body to swing on a pole for hundreds of dollars a night. What’s left? That’s right†¦crime. Somewhere out there people have figured out that you don’t have to work that hard to maximize your bucks. True-be-it that not all of us will turn to crime to make more money, from big corporations to mom and pop shops, maximizing utility is what it’s all about.In the movie â€Å"Friday†, the character â€Å"Big Worm† sells the drugs he produces to make money (Gray, 1995). His operation is based on delegating sales to others, such as â€Å"Smokey†, a  drug addict himself. In addition to owning a classic vehicle, which is decked out in style, Big Worm also owns a snack vending truck, which he uses to check out the progress of his sales people†¦incognito.Big Worm’s character is dressed in name brand clothing, wears gold necklaces, rings and diamond earrings, and appears to have his hair professionally styled. His character seems to be so powerful that when Smokey fails to give him his due profits from sales, Big Worm has access to â€Å"guys† that are willing to put a scare in Smokey by driving through the neighborhood shooting guns. Sure†¦this is just a movie, but what Big Worm’s character does is no different than what big corporations do†¦he is utilizing his resources to maximize his utility. The only difference is that Big Worm is an undiscovered criminal, and big corporations are operating legally.Without the assistance of a writing staff, some real-life criminals don’t have the same results with their efforts. Hollywood gave Big Worm nice clothes, a nice car and nice hair, so it appeared that as a criminal, he had his business in a position good enough to create a profit. Unfortunately for real-life criminals, however, the way they handle their profit-maximizing decisions can prove that not all criminals are utility maximizers.Striving to achieve happiness can lead to extreme measures. Being financially set, though sometimes an unattainable objective, can relieve numerous stresses in one’s life, which can lead to happiness. For some, this goal is so important that they are willing to do not-so-legal things to get there. Occupational crimes, or crimes committed by altering records, overcharging customers or cheating a client (Wikipedia, p.1) is an example of an attempt to maximize utility. But the key word here is attempt. An attempt can be unsuccessful, which translates to the aforementioned criminal type not being a utility maximizer after all.Take a bank teller, for example. While the money people deposit daily into their bank accounts in no way belongs to the bank teller, the teller has access to an available source. Over time, the teller discovers that by accompanying his or her deposit slip with the daily customer deposits, they are able to obtain hundreds, or maybe thousands of extra dollars in their own bank account.After much research, the bank discovers that the teller is responsible for the discrepancies in so many people’s bank accounts. Upon the teller’s arrest, it is demanded that all monies embezzled be returned. To the bank’s horror, the teller is unable to make restitution because the money was poorly spent on material items such as clothing and electronics. In this instance, the crime was committed without the intention of creating financial security.   This particular criminal was not interested in being a utility maximizer.Back to the flip side of criminal utility maximization, insurance fraud is a good example to work with. In July of 2004, the owner of a grocery store in Everett, Washington lost everything to a f ire that was being investigated as a case of arson, more specifically, a hate crime (SPI Staff Writer, p.1). It was later discovered that the owner of the store was the culprit, spray painting hate messages throughout the building’s exterior, then dousing it with gasoline before setting it on fire. This was far from a hate crime, the investigative team determined. The reason for setting his store ablaze was to obtain the insurance he had on the store in order to alleviate some financial stresses he was experiencing. The investigation team determined that this was a case of arson for profit.On the legal side of multiplying your dollars, businesses, such as Enterprise Rent-A-Car, operate quite similarly to the style of our undiscovered criminal mentioned earlier within the text. Dubbed by â€Å"Business Week Magazine† as one of the best places to work (ERAC, p.1),Enterprise Rent-A-Car is a prime example of how utilizing your resources will maximize your profits. The stru cture consists of the sales team, the managers, the regional managers and the executives. In combination with pushing upgrades with their rentals, the sales team also pushes damage waiver insurance. Good performance will earn bonus checks.The managers then direct the sales team in order to receive higher commissions. The regional managers push the managers for increased pay scales, and the chain continues. The key to this process is using what you have to make more of what you want. Incentives help this system. As noted, the ERAC team is compensated for increasing the company’s profits. When you compare both criminal and legal operations side by side, the basics are the same.Though we have only compared corporations and criminals, we are all utility maximizers in one way or another. We have gambling, which comes in forms of scratch-offs, lotteries, bingo games, bets and casinos. Seeking to multiply their wealth, one might use their entire pay check to maximize his dollar. On the safer side of multiplying what you’ve got, we have people who invest.Conservative maximizers will place their money in low-interest savings accounts, while the more daring types will play the stock market. Making the most of what you have is, for most of us, human nature. On our own accord, we may choose to leave things as they are, or we may chose to make an attempt at becoming self-made millionaires. Maximizing legally or illegally, how we get there matters. After all, you can’t enjoy your maximized utilities from a jail cell.Works Cited1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dolly Parton. â€Å"9 to 5†. Greatest Hits. RCA Country, 1980. www.dollyon-line.com/archives/lyrics/9to5.shtml.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Friday. Dir. F. Gary Gray. Ice Cube, Chris Tucker. 1995. DVD. New Line Cinema. 1997.3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enterprise Rent-A-Car. 2000/Rev. 2006. ERAC.com. January 2007. www.erac.com.4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wikipedia. 2001/Rev. 2004. Wikipedia.org. January 2007. www.wiki pedia.org.

Macro environmental factors Essay

Based on the movie ‘Outsourced’ and you first two week study in the class, answer any four of the following. Give appropriate examples from the movie ‘Outsourced’. 1 Define differences between Eastern and Western Culture a Food: Food differs from place to place but there is an huge difference in eastern and western food where as western culture tends to eat more cheesy and fast food as compared to eastern cultures they prefer more of curries and noodles b Way of Conversation: This difference between eastern and western culture shows us that both cultures having entire different way of conversation c Accents: Eastern and Western culture don’t only differ in language but differ in the accent they have as well A) When Mr. Todd first came to India and has street food and fells sick for a day or two, this shows that people with different food culture cannot handle other food as they handle their own B) This can be seen when the aunty asks Todd about his life, salary and girlfriends where Mr. Todd Didn’t expected this at few of first meetings but for the people of india it’s an normal conversation C) This can be seen when Todd and Asha meet first time in a meeting where Asha tells Mr. Todd that they have different ways of pronouncing and then she gives an example of the world Internet and how both cultures pronounce it 2 Define ethnocentrism â€Å" Ethnocentrism is the tendency to judge all other groups according to the  standards, behaviors, and customs of one’s own group† ( Bovee, C. L. & Thill, J. V (2008) p. 60-83 ) When Mr. Todd first came to India he started to miss his hometown and his own culture and in the movie where he goes to get a beef burger so desperately but he can’t get one 3 Define stereotyping â€Å"Stereotyping is assigning generalized attributes to an individual on the basis of membership in a particular group† ( Bovee, C. L. & Thill, J. V (2008) p. 60-83) 4 Define cultural diversity The ability of an individual or a group to merge or diverge in different cultures can be defined as cultural diversity (Fhsu.edu, (2014). What is cultural Diversity – Fort Hays State University. [online] Available at: http://www.fhsu.edu/diversity-affairs/what-is-diversity) That moment when Mr. Todd and Puru are having drinks together. Mr. Puru being a stereotype says that why do all American’s don’t live with their parents when they grow up and are settled in their life The Part where Todd starts to give in and enjoy his life in India by celebrating holy festival this can be called cultural diversity Compulsory- Reflection on your cultural self-identity (200 words): I grew up in a small city Hyderabad of Pakistan and later on moved to Karachi. My dad came from Iran where as my mom was born in Hyderabad, as Sindhi being my mother tongue, Urdu national and English official I was able  to speak all of them. In the beginning of this year I moved to Australia to complete my studies where I learned different cultures of the world. Met almost every nationality of people. Life was bit tough in the beginning I had hard time making friends but as the time passed I learned a lot about Australia and its culture I was able to communicate people around me and slowly and gradually I was mixing in Aussie Culture. People here are so sports oriented which let me improve my game of basketball as I learned a lot of new techniques of play. I saw people having dinner at 6 pm where back home people started cooking for dinner at 8 30 but later I found myself following the same routine. In this one year I learned so much about the different cultures of the world and how to socialize or a have a good conversation with people of different cultures which inspired me a lot, that now I want to travel all around the world and make friends.

Case Study L’Oreal

Marketing Plan and Control Case study analysis- L’Oreal Nederland B. V. Group Names: Summary General L’Oreal is the largest cosmetic manufacturer in the world since 1992 and contributes sales to more than 100 countries. L’Oreal invested heavily in research and development with the faith: innovation was the critical success factor. L’Oreal was at a stage of making critical decision to introduce Synergie skin care line and Belle Couleur permanent hair colorants which were successfully marketed in France, to Nederland market. These two products were under the family brand name, Laboratories Garnie, the largest provision of L’Oreal. Their introductions to the market were under pressure as Garnie was not very well known in Nederland. The failure of market these products will cause potential problems for future Garnie product introductions. To be market successfully in Nederland, the products have to offer unique, desire, and identifiable differential advantages to Dutch consumers. Dutch Market Dutch is a small but very potential market. With 15 millions of small population, there were significant increases of women working outside the home, delaying of childbirth and rising of income. As a result, women in Nederland had more disposable income and more of them using it to buy cosmetic for use on a daily basis. In European Union, the Nederland ranked fourth in per capita income, however, only 6th in per capita was spent on cosmetics and toiletries. The main customers were those under 25 years old. However, the fastest-growing population segments were the 25 or older groups. Synergie Synergie product line is a facial skin care’s products made with natural ingredients. Synergie product positioned as reliably providing natural colors with the advertising line â€Å"Natural Colours, covers all gray†. L’Oreal goal for developing new products was to introduce only product that had differential advantage with evidence of consumer acceptance. It did not want to gain distribution with excessive reliance on trade deals or high than normal retail gross margins. L’Oreal was perceived as offering high-quality, innovative products, supportive with good in-store merchandising. Bella Couleur Bella Couleur is a line of permanent hair colouring products. The three quarters of Dutch Woman coloured their hair by using permanent colorant. For Dutch women, colouring has become more a fashion statement then just to cover gray. As there were more and more women working outside home, home colouring would increase since it is more convenient. Problems of entering Nederland Market: 1. Competition of medium price products: Dutch woman shopped for values of products. Synergie products are expensive and they only being sold through personal service perfumeries (custom sale). 2. Competitor The main competitors, Guhl’s and Anderson increase market share in1986-1989. In late 1980’s Guhl changed its distribution strategy and started selling the brand on drug chains. As a result, Guhl become aggressive in its marketing through large independents. 3. Customers’ buying behavior: †¢ Dutch women tend to be loyal to their current brands to avoid problems might cause by new product. As a result of consumers’ loyalty, it increases the resistance of switching to new product. Dutch woman typically purchase a facial cream only once or twice a year and have an increasing interests in products with â€Å"natural† ingredients. †¢ Dutch woman are not as familiar with technical product description like the French. They perceived as a technical product and believed its use was very risky. Considering the new brands, first and current customers carefully read package information and ask personal advice. 4. Advertisement The higher spending of advertisement was necessary to develop brand awareness, ideally brand preference. Analysis of problems: – L’Oreal was a leading seller for current market entry, but the share mark et was declining. According to the sample test, the buying intentions increased once the market price had revealed. But it decreased after the actual uses. The actual participants, who would probably not buy the product after using it, increased from 13%-32%. Some negative evaluation of Belle Corleur was due to the fact that Dutch woman tended towards naturally lighter hair colour, and the French towards darker shades. France Belle Couleur was formulated to give a classical conservative dark blond colour with extra reflections or lightening effects. However, the products had not been modified for the Dutch test. The brands needed to be presold since, unlike independent drugstores, there was no sale assistance. However, none of the hair colouring products had a clear advertising positioning statement describing customer benefits. The percentage of woman was not known, nor was the trends in the usage of this method known. Dutch consumers might see the major suppliers of cosmetics and toiletries. But the worries that lied have is that the selling efforts, which is needed in selling the L’Oreal brands in Dutch market. Also at the same time introduce not just one, but two brand name product lines. Generation of alternative solutions Products As per feedback on price, products with wider price range can target on mass market/medium price product market. All the products need to break down to easy term which is easy to understand by simple wording. Market and advertising Expand the market by making it into an open market, which means all the products are available to all different markets. This can be enhanced by advertising with clear statement; and prove to the customers the specifics benefits that they could get by purchasing the products. Advertising Advertise the products through woman magazines; attractive ads that can catch the consumers’ attention and also make them interest towards the products. Advertisement on media such as Tv to show the products concepts and the result of the products after the actual use and customers’ benefit. Market monitoring Monitor the trends to see the changes in the market. From then all the market researches could be done to find the best solution to solve the problem. Personal advertise for better customer service To have personal presold at places for product selling in drug stores, supermarkets, etc. Customers need information whenever they purchase the new products. They all want to know what contains inside the products and the benefits that they could get after purchasing the products. So it is important that customers receive a proper guide through the product line, in order to achieve the customers’ interests towards the products. Promote the products at professional clinics like skincare clinics, or hair salon. After the customers get their facial done, they might decide to purchase the facial products, after they have been advised and advertised by the clinic advisor. Convince customers to switch their brands into something else is hard. In this case, advertisement and unique about the products are the main keys to attract the consumers’ attention and interests. Synergie For the Synergie line, they done the concept tests, but when they reveal the price out to the market, many people have been declined the products. It could due to the fact that the price is too high for the consumers to purchase the products. By lower the price, it could give the company the advantages of getting the interests towards the products. Consumers tend to purchase the products if the product price is at the low price. Belle Couleur When consumers purchase products, they want their product is worth the cost that they paid for. Products need to be totally valued with the quality of its products; and also all the statements about the products need to be a right fact and provide exactly what the qualities placed on the statements/outcomes. There were some negative evaluations on Belle Couleur products line; due to the facts that the products provided fault information, which lead to mistaken by the consumers about the products’ qualities. I. e. different target market has different reaction towards the product line. They don’t have the same or even the similar reaction towards the same products. For example, those Dutch customers tended to like lighter hair colour, when the French customers prefer the darker shades. Due to the market researches of the two product lines, they all get recommended to promote two lines at once. Instead of promote two lines at once, L’Oreal Netherlands can promote one by one; which means that they can promote each one to see how the consumers react to the products. From then, they can decide whether the second product line is necessary needed to be promote out to the market. It can save them the costs in promoting, and also their budget won’t be at waste in advertisement and promotion. It could count as monitoring the current market to see the changes under different circumstances. The product range can be sold at the different locations, such as drugs store and supermarket. Therefore, the advertisements and promotions in these places are necessary in order to catch the consumers’ attentions and interests. Customer service There are numbers of consumers that afraid of purchasing new products, due to the fact that they have bad previous experiences with different products. It is important that marketers can come up with the product’s concepts that provide the trustworthy information to the customers; also it is more important that those provided information can lure away the fear that consumers have, when they purchase for new products. Towards competitions In the global markets, it is impossible for other competitors not copy other products. Stopping it is totally outrages. But every company always have their key ingredients for their products. They always have a backup plan for what they are going to do in the future, if something bad happens. Marketing plan designed Effective monitoring and control system created

Studio Workroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Studio Workroom - Essay Example On the upper most part of the shelves are silverwares which may be a collection of artworks. Otherwise, they would also be some of the modern works made in the workroom by the artists making their masterpieces using metals as their basic materials. The different artworks displayed on the shelves, whether they were bought for display or have been made there, give an inspiring attitude to viewers. One cannot help but appreciate the workroom, seeing evidences of the time spent by the artists who have put their effort in working there. The workroom is perhaps not just used as a place for doing artwork but is also designed to be a comfortable place to read. The books are probably not just there for display but serve their purposes for the users of the room. Since it is an artist’s workroom, it is assumed that the books are about arts. The presence of a typewriter also makes a viewer assume that writing is also done in the workroom. It perhaps tells something about the setting of the photo or the age of the artist as well. The photograph may have been taken at an earlier time, when computers were still not largely used or the artist using it may just have been used to using an old-fashioned machine. One of the obvious fascinating things about the workroom is the number of lights hanging over the table. This speaks of the dedication of the artist is putting in the job. it is concluded from this that the artist probably spends a lot of time in the room, sometimes not noticing the time anymore. Therefore, a lot of lights have to be placed in the room to really make it bright and give a well-lighted workplace for the artist. Aside from the obviously advantageous things inside the room, there is also something that first attracts the attention of viewers at first glance. The ropes hanging in the middle of the room, tied to the beams, look quite unusual. Since there are no telling signs of their use, a non-artist could not stop wondering what the ropes are for.

The role of SHIPPING BUSINESS in the ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT of a country Assignment

The role of SHIPPING BUSINESS in the ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT of a country is important. Hence, MARITIME TRANSPORT plays a significant role in that development. Discuss - Assignment Example e significant for the movement of the goods and services are fixed infrastructures, means of transportation and organizational system which is quite significant for ensuring that ships and fixed infrastructures are used in an effective and efficient manner (Samija, n.d.). Since its foundation in the 3200 BC as Egyptian coastal sail ships, it can be observed that the maritime transportation has endorsed in the global trade. It was during 1200 BC, most of the Egyptian ships were found to trade as far as Sumatra which has been observed to be one of the lengthy maritime routes of that particular time. European regal powers, generally England, Netherlands, Spain and France were the first countries to develop a worldwide maritime trade network. Maritime transportation can be considered as a derived demand. It has been noticed that seaborne trade led to 89.6% of the world business and 70.1% in terms of value in 2006 (Tamiotti & et. al., 2009). When considered in terms of ownership, maritime shipping is found to be a globalised industry. Maritime transportation is geographical by its physical characteristics, strategic in terms of control as well as commercial in terms of usage and thus tends to run on its own space similar to land and air modes. Rivers and oceans are considered to be the two main components of physiography of maritime transportation. Modifications made to the water canals, augmentation of the size and specialization of vessels have been because of the technological alterations that had a major impact upon the water transport. It has been noted that the significance and configuration of maritime route has altered with economic developments as well as technical developments (Rodrigue & et. al., n.d.) A noteworthy characteristic of the economies of shipping is mainly focused upon its capital costs thereby demanding financing. It is due to their size, ships demonstrate a noteworthy capital outlay. One of the crucial benefits of maritime transportation is

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 31

Management - Essay Example These factors have enable the firm be the best semiconductor chip manufacturer globally. The company currently enjoys a wider market and increased profits. The two factors are of essence in the existence of a business. Intel thus has a number of strengths and these include effective marketing. There is no doubt to the fact that the firm has one of the best marketing teams in the world. The company manufactures information technology devices. It is therefore more likely for the firm’s employees to be technologically savvy. Such a team knows what to do to result in increased publicity for products. Within no time, the products and services of the business are uploaded onto the social networking platforms alongside the other conventional media. The social media offers clients a unique opportunity to stay a head of their competition; the customer literally interacts with possible clients who may develop customer infatuation with products (Alexander 128). Besides the extensive and very elaborate advertisement parameters, the company enjoys a favorable reputation. This factor comes from the fact that it has existed for a very long time and is arguably among the pioneers of modern day computing technology. The high quality of its chips is thus known and highly regarded. Such occurrences make clients develop loyalty with the given products. Customer loyalty as well as interpersonal recommendation is the most effective form of advertisement. With these, the firm enjoys positivity and commands a large customer base globally. Additionally, the firm currently enjoys the increased revenue because of the market segment it targets. It is common knowledge that the market is divided into two; there are those who shop while attaching more importance to the price of the commodity while there are those who attach heir shopping decisions on the quality of the products. Subscribers having a belief in quality will buy any good regardless of its price provided the

Does the Diagnosis of Vitiligo Have a Psychological Impact on Adult Essay

Does the Diagnosis of Vitiligo Have a Psychological Impact on Adult Suffers in UK - Essay Example As the disease becomes chronic, it was observed that these patches may or may not grow in number and size, and may get eventually widely distributed all over the body surface. In some individuals, it was observed that the growth of white lesions is static, and rarely even uneven repigmentation can be observed in vitiligo individuals (Patient UK EMIS and PiP, 2008). The specialized skin cells named melanocytes are responsible for the production of skin pigments called melanin, which is activated on sunlight exposure to form more melanin. They play an important role in skin protection from the suns rays, besides delivering color to the outer layer of the body. The people suffering from vitiligo have less or devoid of melanin content in affected areas. Therefore, such people due to lack of natural protection, are easily prone to skin burn by sun rays (Patient UK EMIS and PiP, 2008). It is conspicuous in darker-skinned persons than faired skin people, where the contrast with the surrounding area is prominent. It is estimated that 0.1-2% of the worldwide population is vitiligo patients. The UK has reported that almost 1% population suffers from vitiligo. People of all racial or ethnic backgrounds and both the genders are equally vulnerable to vitiligo. Though particular age limit is not there for catching this disease, the most susceptible age group is young age up to 20 years; where almost 50% of vitiligo cases are spotted (NHS choices, 2008). Vitiligo is not categorized as an infectious disorder since this is not transmitted from one person to other. In the UK, approximately 500000 suffer from this typical skin problem accompanied by cosmetic and psychological issues. Every physician has around 10 vitiligo clients.  

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Research Paper Example This created a wave of fear among the other airlines. South west airline continued to top the list of best airlines in America. The success story does not end with these factors. South west airline followed its own corporate culture that imposed certain policies and regulations. The case study aims at exploring the problems faced by the airline. It analyzes and provides a better option to improve the existing situation of the organization. The company that has been serving the people was voted the best airline of the year many a times. This was due to the dedicated service and continuous improvement in all the departments of the organization. (Dess, 2009) The company had the capability to manage any sort of problem and could resolve immediately with the help of highly qualified and trained professionals. Since airline industry involves a lot of risks, Kellinger made sure that none of the problems were left unattended. This added to the company’s status in the market and from then there was no looking back. The company improved at a very fast pace, and it was the most preferred airline among the Americans. This in turn motivated the employees to work in a better manner to serve the customers. A company’s success and reputation is not only decided by its situation in market place. It is based on the company’s management plans and strategies that decide the place of the company in the market. Though the company has gone through various bad patches, it manages to place itself in the list of best airlines. It remains as the most profitable airline in the world. South west airline has faced many problems during the last few years. The fluctuation in the price of the fuel drastically affected the airline industry. (Hill, 2008) South west airline followed unique set of principles and strategies that help them during crisis. One among them is the idea of purchasing fuel well in advance and storing it for future

Important events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Important events - Essay Example This war started when the North Korean Communist army tried to cross the 38th parallel and invaded non-Communist South Korea in June 25, 1950. In 1953, both South and North Korea signed a peace treaty which essentially ended them still in a divided status as before the war. (AsianInfo, 2000) The Korean War has negative and positive effects. Both North and South Korea had much causality and property destruction but they both were stretched economically. The Korean War also legitimized the United Nations as well as brought more military power throughout the world. Korea [†¦] People perceive that the United States, though projected to be invincible, its pride and self-confidence has now succumbed to defeat. It is the longest and most debilitating war--the only war the United States ever lost. It is the sacrifice for liberty that counts (Sitikoff, 1999) This is an abortive invasion of Cuba directed by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and carried out by Cuban exiles. The invasion was intended to spark a rebellion that would topple Fidel Castro, whose communist regime was considered a threat to U.S. interests in the region. The rebellion never materialized, the invasion force was quickly defeated. The result was a huge propaganda victory for Castro and a severe embarrassment for the administration of U.S. president John F. Kennedy. Bay of Pigs (Berry,n.d) This just to shows that the U.S., one of the superpowers is not spared and is far from perfect. The Bay of Pigs was one of the most important political decisions in the history of the United States. Its effects are still being felt to today, especially in the Cuban communities of the United States. The decisions that were made by the highest offices of our government showed us that the United States. They constructed a plan that wasnt completely thought through and paid a major price -- global embarrassment. They

Proposed Healthcare Refrom Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Proposed Healthcare Refrom Act - Essay Example Increasing health insurance premiums and limitations in insurance itself keep people uninsured. The overall effect finally keep people away from early diagnosis and treatments or negligence of health and this will increase the morbidity and mortality rates which affect the living standards and the development of the country (Health Care, 2009). There is a huge difference in the health cost between the countries. Some Asian countries provide similar medical treatments with similar success rates to a cost few folds less than that of the US. Therefore it is interested to find the reason for this difference. Health cost includes not only the price of the medicines used but also the wages of the health staff and insurance company staff, there mortgages, bank charges, allowances, insurance for the building and equipments, transport cost etc. More intermediate involvement unnecessarily increases the final cost. Researchers have pointed out considerable opportunities to improve quality of the health care service while dropping the cost. Some academic medical centers in the country provide high quality service for less than half a cost and those physicians and others are provided with all the infrastructure, incentives and support needed. (Dartmouth Atlas Project, 2006) The proposed health scheme will assess the quality of the health services and inquire the discrepancy between the care providing institutions and take action to cut down unnecessary burden of health care cost. Obama’s plans will allow patients to select their preferred practitioner and most appropriate treatment plan without limiting to the choice of the insurance company. This will also empower people to quarry any doubtful condition of the insurance scheme and act upon medical malpractices and deliberate negligence and compensation. When health cost becomes low citizens are able to undergo early diagnosis and early treatments. This will

How do economic recession affect people's behavior Essay

How do economic recession affect people's behavior - Essay Example However, as the theory points out, the knowledge is never complete and this imperfection leads to economic growth. This may not always be so. In times of economic recession, the more the awareness of bad news, the greater is its impact on human behavior and the economic crisis. According to Charles Hodge, if a human being is assumed to behave out of necessity, he loses his identity as a rational person capable of deciding based on his thoughts and analysis (Hodge as cited in Cleveland, 2000). He becomes a mechanical person and can not be held responsible for the consequences of his behavior. Similarly if he is assumed to base his actions on the contingencies, he is imbibed with irrational and autocratic power of determination, acting even against his own will. Hodge rejects both these patterns of behavior that emerge from the utilitarianism theory. In the third behavior pattern viz., certainty, the individual behavior is explained by the individual’s own rational analysis of a situation and determination of what is best in his own interest, and is embraced by Hodge as the more appropriate explanation of human behavior. The subprime crisis in the USA led to large scale defaults in the mortgage industry and its contagion effect soon engulfed a host of other sectors like the financial institutions, banks and manufacturing industries. Bank failures dried up the credit available for the business and industry and this has in turn led to significant loss of jobs and consumer confidence. All the major economies of the world are facing a downturn due to globalization. Mass communications media ensures that individual behavior is influenced and aggravated by the frenzy of collective disaster. Loss of consumer confidence and credit squeeze are the major factors impacting human behavior in these circumstances. US economy which is characterized by a high degree of consumer spending, is witnessing consumer

Leadership and Management Essay Example for Free

Leadership and Management Essay The implementation of the care of the dying policy at the writer’s area of practice involved the process of change. This involved the use of both leadership and management theories which are essential to increased effectiveness as supported by Moiden (2002). The change was a political one due to the government initiatives to improve end of life care (Department of Health 2008). Antrobus (2003) states that political leaders aim to deliver improved health care outcomes for patients. The essay will critically analyze both leadership and management theories from the top of the organization to the bottom. These theories were used to implement this change to enhance quality care in this clinical area. The essay will also critically analyze and evaluate the nurses’ self management skills in fulfilling their role as clinical managers within interdisciplinary and the changing context of the healthcare. Similarly, the essay will discuss the implications upon quality assurance and resource allocation for service delivery within the health care sector. These will be related to current government strategies. The effects of government strategies in involving the user and carer or significant others in decision making process within current clinical and legal frameworks (Department of Health 2000b) will also be debated. Similar debate will also be on the nurses’ involvement in policy making (Antrobus 2003). Further discussion on government strategies will be discussed on the introduction of clinical governance and essence of care. Braine (2006) states that the purpose of implementing change is to improve effectiveness and quality. The whole process of change was based on the introduction of the care of the dying booklet which meant that all healthcare professional documented their notes in the same booklet. The change took place in a large hospital to implement a new policy which was politically driven by the government to improve quality of care. Like most hospital organizations, the hospital traditionally uses a bureaucratic management approach (Marquis and Huston 2006) reinforced with authoritarian leadership to facilitate efficiency and cost effective care. This is done through planning, coordination, control of services, putting appropriate structures and systems in place and monitoring progress towards performance activities (Finkelman 2006 and Faugier and Woolnough 2002). According to Marquis and Huston (2006) bureaucracy was introduced after Max Weber’s work to legalize and make rules and regulations for personnel to increase efficiency. The ward manager as a change agent had to design and plan the process of change. Designing change involved understanding the purpose of change and gathering data as supported by Glower (2002). Planning included identifying driving forces and ways to reduce restraining forces (Glower 2002). Unlike the top management who used bureaucratic management theory, the ward manager applied the human relations management theory (Marquis and Huston 2006) at ward level. This management theory is designed to motivate employees to achieve excellence. The human relations theory was introduced in attempt to correct what was believed to be the shortcoming of bureaucratic theory which failed to include the human aspects (Marquis and Huston 2006). Often referred to as motivational theory, Lezon (2002) agrees that this theory views the employee in a different way and helps to understand people better compared to the autocratic management theories of the past. It is based on theory Y of Douglas McGregor’s (1960) X and Y theories cited in (Lezon 2002). Theory Y assumes that people want to work, are responsible and self motivated, they want to succeed and they understand their position in the organization. Perhaps the appropriateness of this theory can be linked to the implementation of clinical governance which emphasizes that it is the responsibility of health care professionals to ensure effectiveness, high standards and quality (Braine 2006). This puts health care professionals in a responsible position and motivates them to provide high quality care. This explains why theory Y was used as opposed to theory X which according to Lezon (2002) assumes that people are lazy, unmotivated and require discipline. According to the human relations theory, there are some positive management actions that lead to employee motivation thus improving performance (Marquis and Huston 2000). Some of these actions used by the change agent were empowering and allowing employees to make independent decisions as they could handle, training and developing, increasing freedom, sharing big picture objectives, treating employees as if work is natural and other ways of motivating staff as supported by Marquis and Huston (2006 and Lezon 2002). The use of human relations theory in the implementation of this policy is well justified in contrast to other management theories. For example, theory X presumes that people must be coerced, controlled, directed and threatened with punishment (Lezon 2002). This theory adds that an average person has inherent dislike of work and prefers to avoid responsibility (Marquis and Huston 2006). In other words, theory X prefers autocratic style while theory Y prefers participative style. Managers using theory y seek to enhance the employee’s capacity to exercise high levels of imagination, ingenuity and creativity solving organizational problems. With the human relations theory, members feel special and involved rather than being controlled by threats and sanctions from the change agent (Dowding and Barr 2002). The team of health care professionals was aiming to achieve the same goal. This goal was to provide high quality care to patients approaching end of life. This involved a lot of organizational psychology and motivation to facilitate effective teamwork. Among the factors that facilitate effective teamwork, leadership is the most significant as stated by Clegg (2000). Toofany (2005) supports that leadership is on government’s modernization agenda for the National Health Service and is an influencing factor. Therefore, the change agent needed equally effective leadership style. To facilitate this, she applied the transformational leadership style. Markhan (1998) cited in Clegg (2000) defines transformational leadership style as a collaborative, consultative and consensus seeking. These are the same characteristics of the leadership style used by the change agent. Contrary to this leadership style is the transactional leadership style which is based on power of organizational position and authority to reward and punish performance (Moiden 2002). Based on Rosner (1990)’s research, Clegg (2000) states that gender affects leadership style and women prefer transformational style. Perhaps this explains why the change agent chose this style for this particular change. As in any form of change process, resistance, which falls under the unfreezing stage of Lewin’s (1951) cited in Murphy (2006) change theory is one of the common obstacles that needed to be dealt with (Curtis and White 2002). By inspiring a shared vision within the team (McGuire and Kennerly 2006) the change agent managed to increase driving forces and reduce resisting forces at the same time. Clegg (2000) values vision as a very important ingredient of transformational leadership, adding that it should be engaging and inspiring. Transformational leadership was first put forward by James Burns (1978) cited in Marquis and Huston (2006). According to him, a relationship of mutual stimulation and elevation converts followers into leaders, a fact shared by Murphy (2005). If a leader can stimulate followers, he or she can engage followers into a problem solving attitude (McGuire and Kennerly 2006). In addition, people engage together in a way that allows leaders and followers to raise each other to higher levels of motivation and morality (Marquis and Huston 2006). This approach emphasizes on the leader’s ability to motivate, coach and empower the followers rather than control their behaviors (McGuire and Kennerly 2006). Moiden (2002) states that this style is widely used in all types of organizations in dealing with change. Frequently, it is contrasted with transactional leadership which is a traditional way in which followers’ commitment is gained on the basis of exchange of reward, pay and security in return of reliable work (Mullins 2002). However McGuire and Kennerly (2006) state that if transactional leadership is predominantly used, followers are likely to place limits to organizational commitment and behave in a way only aimed at contract requirements. Despite the differences in various leadership styles, most researchers conclude that there is no one leadership style that is right for all circumstances (Reynolds and Rogers 2003). Fidler (1967) cited in Moiden (2002) agrees that a single leadership style is rarely practiced. Therefore situational theories were introduced in order to deal with various situations. Perhaps this is why the leader used the situational approach to leadership in order to meet the demands of different situations, an idea also shared by Marquis and Huston (2000). Reynolds and Rogers (2003) suggest that the effectiveness of day to day activities depends on balancing between the task at hand and human relations to meet everyone’s needs. Different competence levels, motivation levels and commitment levels of staff on this clinical area justify why a situational approach was used in conjunction with transformational leadership style. Reynolds and Rogers (2003) support that situations like this require the leader to adapt their style. However, they warn that it is important to know when to lead from the front, when to empower and when to let go. This situational approach enabled the leader to work on followers’ strength and weaknesses. Moreover, Reynolds and Rogers (2003) warn that it is not always easy to find leadership styles that suite the needs of every situation and not everything falls into place from the beginning. Marquis and Huston (2000) criticize that situational theory concentrate too much on situation and focus less on interpersonal factors. Support was given to followers according their needs. Supportive behavior, as supported by Reynolds and Rogers (2003) helps people to feel comfortable in their situations. This was facilitated by the use of a two way communication system which involved listening, praising, asking for help and problem solving. Consequently, as performance improved, the leader’s supportive behavior shifted to delegation. Delegation was mostly directed to staff with high competences, commitments and motivation. Reynolds and Rogers (2003) support that the style of leadership alters as performance improves from directing to coaching to supporting to delegation. Basing on research studies, Reynolds and Rogers (2003) warns that using different approaches to different staff can practically difficult in terms of developing the whole group as well as maintaining fairness. This further exposes the limitations of situational approach. Nevertheless, it is equally important to assess followers’ capabilities and developmental needs so this explains the relevance of situational approach to this clinical area. The delegation was directed to some members of the team while others still wanted to be directed. In addition, this was because of the leader’s trust in people, working to their strength and sharing the vision as supported by Kane-Urrabazo (2006). Delegation is defined as transferring responsibility of an activity to another individual and still remain accountable (Sullivan and Decker 2005). Davidson et al (1999) caution that critical thinking and sound decision making must be applied before delegating because it increases rather than decrease nurses’ responsibility. They clarify that to ensure safe outcome, delegation must be the right task, right circumstances, right person, right instructions and right supervision. Pearce (2006) shares the same thoughts and adds that you must be clear about what you delegate, inform other members, monitor performance, give feedback and evaluate the experience while remembering that you remain accountable. However, Kane-Urrabazo (2006) and Taylor (2007) argue that delegation is another way of empowering the subordinates. However, like every team going through the process of change, problems arose and were solved as they came. Apart from dealing with problems like resistance and lack of resources, there was an even bigger problem of interdisciplinary working for both the change agent and the subordinates. Although this policy was predominantly nurse orientated, it needed authorization by a doctor in order for a patient to be commenced on care of the dying pathway. Whether inside or outside health care, interdisciplinary working was introduced with the same concerns of improving quality (Hewison 2004). Interdisciplinary working has been emphasized by a number of government initiatives (Martin 2006b), more recently the NHS Plan (Department of Health 2000a). To ensure the demand for interdisciplinary working is met, there has been a lot of emphasis on professional education and training. Effective interdisciplinary working is meant to facilitate delivery of quality services and is fundamental to success of clinical governance (Braine 2006). However, Hewison (2004) argues that there is little evidence to support the effectiveness of interdisciplinary working. There is also insufficient evidence to support that collaboration improves quality of care given to patients (Hewison 2004). Nevertheless, if interdisciplinary working is to be achieved it is important to appreciate the potential barriers to this type of working. In this particular organization there were some barriers that impeded interdisciplinary working. These barriers needed problem solving skills from both the change agent and the nurses. In many cases there were some disagreements between nurses and doctors as to when to commence the care of the dying pathway for a patient. Although the policy was self explanatory in terms of when to commence it, doctors were often reluctant to authorize it. Hewison (2004) states that occupational status, occupational knowledge, fear and distrust of other occupational groups are some of the barriers to effective interdisciplinary working. Additionally, different backgrounds, training, remuneration, culture and language can contribute to professional barriers, mistrust, misunderstanding and disagreements (Hewison 2004). To solve this problem the change agent and senior members of the medical team held regular meetings to discuss problems like this. This way of problem solving is well recommended by Hewison (2004) who explains that if interdisciplinary working is to be successful, structures and procedures should be in place to support it. This is a way in which organization reflects emphasis on teams rather than individual professional groups. Hewison (2004) adds that if this is reinforced with communication between managers and other professional groups, it is likely to be successful. Perhaps in future interdisciplinary learning may be necessary to overcome some of the barriers to interdisciplinary working. Despite lack of evidence for its effectiveness, interdisciplinary learning has been identified as a government priority (Hewison 2004). Therefore study programmes for health care professionals are important to facilitate this approach to learning.

Personal Budget Case Study

Personal Budget Case Study Personal Budget Suggestion As my personal budget table is shown, my total income is all from my parents’ contribution per month. I have not done a part-time job. I should consider to find a part-time job and earn some money to reduce the pressure of my parents. Every month I can save some money. In the Future, I could save a lot of money when I get weekly wage from my pat-time job. Therefore, I am able to do a low risk tolerance saving product to earn more interests from banks. I rented a small house that is far from school and charges cheaper rent fee with some friends. It is not convenient for me in term of traffic by walking or taking school bus. In the next chance, I can increase a little bit of rent expenditure for renting a nearer home. In 2014, I have not bought any books because of expensive prices. However, this attitude is not good for studying. Therefore, I decide to expend expenditure on buying books. Every week I will go shopping with friends. I hope that I can reduce the frequency and cut the cost on eating out and buying clothes. Savings Case Study Mr Rutherford is a 50 years old man as company executive. His age is a bit high that he faces to get sick and lose job anytime. His earning is quiet high about  £150000. Therefore, he can make regular savings of  £200 per month. The client is looking for a low risk savings product where his capital is safe and the rate is a bit higher that it can gives more returns to Mr Rutherford. The condition of investment market is not optimistic. According to This is Money Internet, latest inflation figures raised up to 1.3 per cent. However, the prospect of interest rates still hold unchangeable at present (Lambert, S., 2014). Markets and economists have put off expectations of interest rate that it has a first increasing tendency by 0.5 per cent in late 2015 on account of being concerned to â€Å"lowflation†. In developed countries, the forecast which is given by the economists will not come true if inflation happens suddenly and continuously (Lambert, S., 2014). Andrew Haldane, who is the chief economist of the Bank of England, emphasized that the interest rate will rise up gradually in the next year. Moreover, according to a interview with Gavin Thompson, worked in the Bristol Post, the figure of interest rates has sustained around 3 per cent for many years (Lambert, S., 2014). Howard Archer, who works as a chief UK economist, analysts the HIS Global Insight. He said that the Bank of England will not increase interest rates before late 2015, though MPC minutes are impossible to decrease expectations on interest rates tremendously in the November. However, it is probability that interest rate tend to go up slightly around August (Lambert, S., 2014). These are shown that interest rates are still around 3 per cent before late 2015 and they will go up in the future. Nowadays, market is not good for saving. Because rates of many banks can keep still at 3 per cent and saving is low tolerance, Mr Rutherford could do a saving product and prepare for the next year (Lambert, S., 2014). Financial websites is suggested to consult for Mr Rutherford, such as Moneysavingexpert.com and Thisismoney.co.uk. If Mr Rutherford is not able to meet his saving payments, he could buy products of payment protection insurance as consumer protection. According to Money saving expert Internet, the TSB classic Plus current saving account is chosen as it has one of the top interest rates comparing with other products. This account offers 5per cent AER up to  £2000. Arranged overdraft cost is up to  £100 fee free with 19,94% EAR plus  £6 per month fee. Unarranged overdraft fees is  £10 buffer with  £5 per day under  £25,  £10 per day for more than  £25 (max  £80 per month) or  £10 unpaid item fees (max 3 per day). It needs to pay in  £500 per month and register for online banking with paperless statements (Lewis, M., n.d.). Under this product, Mr Rutherford put and keep  £2000 in the account as Calendar month. The future value is  £3591.7 after one year and  £2873.36 after taxation. Loan Case Study Mr Hoy consider to buy a second hand Fiat 500 about  £4000. He looks for a car financing product for it over 2 years period. The product needs to pay 20 per cent taxation. The client is looking for a product which has low risk tolerance, low APR representative rate and low total amount payable. The product could be good for Mr Hoy to buy a second hand car as paying less money and spending less time. Since the Bank of England reduced its Bank Rate by only 0.5 per cent, mortgage and savings rates have reached the lowest point for more than five years. In the bank’ quarterly inflation investigation on Wednesday, the economists and observers have given the surprising forecast that inflation will be possible to fall even much lower, then will stay there for a longer period (Pollock, I., 2014). Due to lower interest rates, it puts more borrowing benefits in the hands of consumers so that borrowing markets turns to control by consumers (Roos, D., n.d.). Because interest rates are so low, it is indicated that savings accounts of consumers will not earn more benefits in a bank. Therefore, consumers could use them to fund into financial products or make contribution into the cost of the car rather than keeping your savings and mortgages at a lower interest rate (â€Å"What’s the best way to finance buying a car?†, n.d.). For Mr Hoy, financial websites are considered to consult, for example, Lovemoney.com, Moneysupermarket.com, Comparethemarket.com and Moneyfacts.co.uk. For Consumer Protection, Mr Hoy could buy a payment protection insurance product. Mr Hoy has the potential risk to loss money when he goes sick lose his job and does not have enough to pay for loan. Payment Protection Insurance aims to help Mr Hoy keeping away from fine charges by paying his loan. Insurers apply to much cheaper PPI than lenders. For Mr Hoy, it is worth making a good decision and buying a PPI by comparing with many products of different companies (â€Å"What is Payment Protection Insurance†, n.d.). The Credit Plus Product is suggested to consider for Mr Hoy. Comparing with other products, this has the lowest Assumed borrowing of  £4,000.00 over 2 years at an annual rate of 4.9% based on a representative rate of 4.9% APR (fixed). Therefore, the 24 monthly repayments is  £175.12 and total amount repayable is  £4,202.88. This product apply to have a current account with CreditPlus because it is just available to current CreditPlus customers . The age of consumers must between 18 and 75. What’s more, consumers will not be charged a fee if they repay this loan and repayment holidays are available with this loan (â€Å"Loans Centre†, n.d.). (Words: 1166) References Lambert, S. (2014). When will interest rates rise? Economists tip no move until late 2015, as ‘lowflation’ concerns dominate. Retrieved from http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/news/article-1607881/When-UK-rates-rise.html#ixzz3KC9m1tpd Lewis, M. (n.d.). Best Bank Accounts. Retrieved from http://www.moneysavingexpert.com/banking/compare-best-bank-accounts#lloyds Loans Centre. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.lovemoney.com/loans#/?amount=4000timeQty=2timeUnit=yearsscenario=scenario1predicate=Defaultreverse=falsepage=1shortTerm=false Pollock, I. (2014). Will mortgage and savings rates fall even further?. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-30052201 Roos, D. (n.d.). How Interest Rates Work. Retrieved from http://money.howstuffworks.com/interest-rate4.htm What is Payment Protection Insurance (PPI). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.moneysupermarket.com/c/loans/payment-protection-insurance/guide/ What’s the best way to finance buying a car?. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.moneyadviceservice.org.uk/en/articles/whats-the-best-way-to-finance-buying-a-car

Communication Mechanism System

Communication Mechanism System Explain the importance of intercellular communication and describe the mechanism involved. Intercellular communication is important because it assist the nervous system to elongate the long-term process as growth, development, or reproduction. The endocrine system uses chemical messengers to relay information and instructions between cells. One of the mechanisms involved in intercellular communication is know as direct communication this communication is rare but is important when it occurs. This is when two cells of the same type and the cells must be in extensive physical contact. The cells are so close they function as one. The majority of the communication is known as paracrine communication which is where the cell continuously exchange chemical messages between each other so they in sink with one another. Compare and contrast the modes of intercellular communication used by the endocrine and nervous systems and discuss the functional significance of the differences between the two systems. The nervous system performs short term â€Å"crisis management† and the endocrine system regulates long-term, ongoing metabolic processes. The endocrine system uses endocrine communication which helps regulate hormones through the circulatory system and the nervous system dose not have the capability to do this. Another significant difference is synaptic communication the nervous system uses this form of communication of neurons to release neurotransmitter at a synapse very close to a target cell that bear the right receptors. This form of communication allows the body to react quickly to situations to escape from harm. 3. Explain the general mechanisms of hormonal action and identify which hormone types work through each mechanisms. A hormone receptor is a protein molecule to which a particular molecule binds strongly. Each cell has receptors for responding to several different hormones, but cells in different tissues have different combinations of receptors. For every cell, the presence or absence of a specific receptor determines the cells hormonal sensitivities. Hormone receptors are located either on the cell membrane or inside the cell. The mechanisms of hormonal action are that receptors for catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are in the cell membrane of target cells, Thyroid and steroid hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus, activating or inactivating specific genes. 4. Describe the control of endocrine organs. The endocrine organs are controlled by three mechanisms of the hypothalamic control. One is the secretion of regulatory hormones to control activity of anterior lobe of pituitary gland. Two the production of ADH and oxytocin. And finally is the control of sympathetic output to adrenal medullae. Explain the structural and functional relationship between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland releases nine important peptide hormones; all bind to membrane receptors and use cyclic-AMP as a second messenger. The pituitary gland hangs inferior to the hypothalamus which all the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to help in the function of the hypophyseal portal system. By the hypothalamus secreting specific regulatory hormones it controls the production of hormones in the anterior lobe. This whole system works to secret hormones from the hypothalamus through the pituitary gland in a network of capillaries that are connected. All this ensures that all the hypothalamic hormones entering the portal vessels will reach the target cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland before entering general circulation. 6. Predict how alternations in hormone production, delivery, or reception by target tissues would affect its action and blood concentration levels. Describe the factors that could determine a cells hormonal sensitivity. Cells sensitivity is determined by two factors down-regulation and up-regulation. Down regulation is a process in which the presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in the number of hormone receptors. This process is when levels of particular hormones are high, cells become less sensitive to it. Up-regulation is a process in which the absence of a hormone triggers an increase in the number of hormone receptors. In this process the levels of a particular hormone are low, cells become more sensitive to it. Identify the hormones produced by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland and specify the functions of those hormones. The anterior lobe produces seven hormones: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) targets the thyroid gland and triggers the release of thyroid hormones. As circulation concentrations of thyroid hormones rise, the rate of TRH and TSH production decline. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex and targets cells that produce glucocorticoids. Gonadotropins regulate the activities of the gonads. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) promotes follicle development in females and, in combination with luteinizing hormone, stimulates the secretion if estrogen by ovarian cells. In males, FSH stimulates sustentacular cells, specialized cells in the tubules where sperm differentiate. Luteinizing hormone (LH) induces ovulation, the production of reproductive cell in females. Also promotes the secretion, by the ovaries, of estrogen and the progestin, which prepare the body for pregnancy. In male hormone is sometimes called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), because it stimulates the production of sex hormones by the interstitial cells of the testes. Prolactin (PRL) works with other hormones to stimulate mammary gland development. Growth hormone (GH) stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating the rate of protein synthesis. The posterior lobe produces two hormones: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released in response to a variety of stimuli, most notably a rise in the solute concentration in the blood or a fall in blood volume or blood pressure. A rise in the solute concentration stimulates specialized hypothalamic neurons. Oxytocin (OT) stimulates smooth muscles contraction in the wall of the uterus, promoting labor and delivery. After delivery this hormones stimulates the contraction of myoepithelial cells around the secretory alveoli and the ducts of the mammary gland, promoting the ejection of milk. Discussion the results of abnormal levels of pituitary hormones Abnormal levels of pituitary hormones can have a cast and complex impact on the growth, fertility, and function on the human body via the effect of the hormones on their target organs. Diseases anywhere from asthma to growth problems can occur. Identify the hormones produced by the thyroid gland, specify the functions of those hormones, and discuss the causes and results of abnormal levels of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland produces thyroglobulin, tyrosine, and thyroxine. The functions of these hormones are: Thyroid hormones enter target cells by means of an energy dependent transport system and they affect almost every cell in the body. Thyroid hormones bound to cytoplasmic receptors are held in storage until intracellular levels of thyroid hormone decline. Thyroid hormones bound to mitochondria increase ATP production. Thyroid hormones bound to receptors in the nucleus activates genes that control energy utilization. The calorigenic effect: the cell consumes more energy resulting in increased heat generation. In growing children, thyroid hormones are essential to normal development of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems. The thyroid gland is primarily responsible for a strong, immediate, and short-lived increase in the rate of cellular metabolism. The major factor controlling the rate of thyroid hormone release is the concentration of TSH in the circulating blood. The causes of abnormal levels of thyroid hormones can create an iodide deficiency because in the U.S. we consume more than they daily amount needed. Thyroid hormone production declines, regardless of the circulating levels of TSH. Describe the functions of the parathyroid hormones, and the effects of abnormal functions of each hormone. Parathyroid hormone has four major effects: 1. It stimulates osteoclasts, accelerating mineral turnover and the release of Ca2+ from bone. 2. It inhibits osteoblasts, reducing the rate of calcium deposition in bone. 3. It enhances the reabsorption of Ca2+ at the kidneys, reducing urinary losses. 4. It stimulates the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. The effects of calcitriol complement or enhance those of PTH, but one major effect of calcitriol is the enhancement of Ca2+ and PO43- absorption by the digestive tract. The parathyroid glands, aided by calcitriol, are the primary regulators of blood calcium I levels in healthy adults. When the parathyroid calcium levels become abnormal there are two disorders that can occur. Hypoparathyroidism the gland secretes low calcium concentrations in body fluid. Hyperparathyroidism is when calcium concentrations become abnormally high. Identify the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and medulla and specify the functions of each hormone The adrenal cortex secrets the hormones adrenocortical, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. The adrenocortical steroids or corticosteroids are vital: if the adrenal glands are destroyed or removed, the individual will die unless corticosteroids are administered. Mineralocorticoids increase renal reabsorption of Na+ and water which accelerates urinary loss of potassium. Glucocorticoids release amino acids from skeletal muscles and lipids from adipose tissue; promote liver formation of glucose and glycogen; promotes peripheral utilization of lipids; anti-inflammatory effects. Androgens are not important in men; encourages bone growth, muscle growth, and blood formation in children and women. The adrenal medulla secrets epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose levels; releases lipids by adipose tissue. Also this is where the fight or flight syndrome is sparked. Discuss the results of abnormal levels of adrenal hormone production When the adrenal hormone becomes abnormal it produces several different disorders. The first is hypoaldosteronism; the zona glomerulosa fails to produce enough aldosterone, generally either as an early sign of adrenal insufficiency or because the kidneys are not releasing adequate amounts of rein. A rare but serious disorder can occur called Addisons disease which results from inadequate stimulations of the zona fasciculata by the pituitary hormone ACTH or, more commonly, from the inability of the adrenal cells to synthesize the necessary hormones, generally from adrenal cell loss caused by autoimmune problems. Another disease is Cushings disease which results from overproduction of glucocorticoids. There is another aspect of abnormal production of adrenal hormones that affects men and womens sexual characteristics called adrenogenital syndrome. In women, this condition leads to the gradual development of male secondary sex characteristics, including body and facial hair patters. In male to causes an increase of estrogen resulting in larger breast tissue or other female secondary sex characteristics. Last but not least there is a disorder of the adrenal medulla called pheochromocytoma which is an overproduction of epinephrine that causes a tumor that produces catecholamines in massive quantities. Describe the functions of the hormones produced by the pineal gland. It contains pinealocytes, which synthesize the hormone melatonin. The suggested functions of the pineal gland is that it inhibits reproductive functions, protects against damage by free radicals, and sets circadian rhythms. Identify the hormones produced by the pancreas and specify the functions of those hormones. The pancreas contains both exocrine and endocrine cells. Cells of the endocrine pancreas form clusters called pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans). The pancreatic islets release insulin and glucagons. Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise, and it stimulates glucose transport into, and utilization by, peripheral tissues. Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels decline, and it stimulates glycogen breakdown, glucose synthesis, and fatty acid release. Discuss the results of abnormal levels of pancreatic hormone production. When the pancreatic hormones produce abnormal levels of insulin and glucose it causes an individual to be diabetic. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by glucose concentration that is high enough to overwhelm the reabsorption capabilities of the kidneys. Glucose appears in the urine, and urine production generally becomes excessive. Describe the functions of the hormones produced by the kidneys, heart, thymus, testes, ovaries, and adipose tissue. Control of the heart, kidneys, thymus, gonads, and adipose tissue. The kidneys release erythropoietin and calcitriol into the red bone marrow, intestinal lining, bone and kidneys. All of the hormones releases are to stimulate red blood cell production and calcium and phosphate absorption and it also stimulates calcium ions from bone; inhibits PTH secretion. The heart controls the hormones natriuretic that targets the kidneys, hypothalamus, and adrenal gland. These hormones increase water and salt loss at kidneys; decrease thirst; and suppress secretion of ADH and aldosterone. The adipose tissue contain two hormones that support to different functions, first is leptin which targets the hypothalamus for suppression of appetite; permissive effects on GnRH and gonadotropin synthesis. Second is resistin that targets cell throughout the body that suppresses insulin response. Last but not least are the gonads with the hormones androgens, inhibin, estrogen and progestin. All these hormones a re targeted by the pituitary glands to support the reproductive organs in males and females. In males the interstitial cells of the testes produce androgens. Testosterone is the most important sex hormone in males. Sustentacular cells in the testes support the differentiation and physical maturation of sperm. Under FSH stimulation, these cells secrete the hormone inhibin, which inhibits the secretion of FSH at the anterior lobe. The female body develops oocytes in the follicles; follicle cells produce estrogens, especially estradiol. After ovulation, the remaining follicle cells reorganize into a corpus luteum. Those cells release a mixture of estrogens and progestins, especially progesterone. Explain how hormones interact to produce coordinated physiological responses. Hormones interact to produce coordinated physiological responses in four ways: 1. antagonistic (opposing) effects 2. synergistic (additive) effects 3. permissive effects, in which one hormone is necessary for another to produce its effect 4. integrative effects, in which hormones produce different, but complementary, results Identify the hormones that are especially important to normal growth, and discuss their roles. Several hormones are especially important: GH, thyroid hormones, insulin, PTH, calcitriol and reproductive hormones. The circulation concentrations of these hormones are regulated independently. Changes produce unique individual growth patterns. Growth Hormone (GH): effects are most apparent in children where GH supports muscular and skeletal development. In adults GH assists in the maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations and in the mobilization of lipid reserves. Thyroid hormones: if these hormones are absent during fetal development or for the first year after birth, the nervous system will fail to develop normally and mental retardation will result. If T4 concentrations decline before puberty, normal skeletal development will not continue. Insulin: without insulin the passage of glucose and amino acids across cell membranes will be drastically reduced or eliminated. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitriol: promote the absorption of calcium salts for subsequent deposition in bone. Without adequate levels of both hormones, bones will be weak and flexible. Reproductive Hormones: the sex hormones (androgens in males, estrogens in females) stimulate cell growth and differentiation in their target tissues. Differential growth induced by each hormone accounts for gender-related differences in skeletal proportions and secondary sex characteristics. Define the general adaptation syndrome. Any condition that threatens homeostasis is a stress. Our bodies respond to a variety of stress-causing factors through the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), or stress response. The GAS can be divided into three phases: 1. the alarm phase 2. the resistance phase 3. the exhaustion phase http://www.harford.edu/faculty/SSchaeffer/Endocrine%20Outline.doc http://www.miramar.sdccd.cc.ca.us/faculty/kpetti/Bio160/Martini7DetailLectOutlines/18-Detailed_Lect_Out_LO.pdf.pdf

Important Factors In A Romantic Relationship :: essays research papers

Important Factors in a Romantic Relationship Why get involved in a romantic relationship? What benefits do they have? People commonly ask these questions when faced with the decision of getting involved with someone. Romantic relationships provide comradery, courtship, and love. All of these contribute to building a lasting bond between two people. Friendship is the foundation, courtship preserves the romance, and love makes it last. Friendship is often the basis of romantic relationships. The comradery brings two people closer together. A romantic partner is someone in whom to confide, and with whom to share great problems. He is there to console and comfort in hours of need. He gives his friendship unconditionally as a foundation in the relationship. Friendship takes love and kindness, as do romantic relationships. When a couple starts out as friends, they build a stronger alliance. This is why romance usually starts with friendship. Courtship is very important in romantic relationships. Amorous companions need to feel wanted and appreciated. Courtship keeps the romance in a relationship. It helps one lover show the other how he feels. "Show your love with flowers " is frequently used in the flower industry to get people to buy flowers. Buying flowers shows one's affection. Holidays such as Valentine's Day emphasize the need to show that special someone how admired they really are. Courtship allows people to continuously grow closer and learn new things about each other. Whether it is giving a sweetheart a dozen roses, or an "I love you" now and then, courtship is what keeps the flame alive between romantic partners. Love binds all romantic relationships. Without love they would not exist. George Hebert shows the benefits of love in relationships in this quotation that states "Love makes all hard hearts gentle." This quote expresses how a cold person coming into a relationship can be softened by love. Having a romantic partner gives a person a sense of reassurance, self-esteem, and love for himself. Love enhances the lives of both partners in the relationship. For example, when two people are in love, their emotions are at an ultimate high.

The Perception of Pain :: Senses Medical Essays

The Perception of Pain At some point in life, all people experience pain. The presence of pain can prevent further damage to an injured area or even prevent an injury from occurring, but pain that continues, after treatment or even after healing, can be debilitating (Loeser and Melzack, 1999). Stephani Curtis (1997) presents a case study of a 32-year-old woman, Mrs. J, who injured her lower back when she fell off a horse. As a result of this accident, Mrs. J experienced a ruptured lumbar disc. The treatment, a lumbar laminectomy, failed to alleviate her pain. Due to the pain and the effects of her prescribed medication, Mrs. J was forced to curtail her activities, and she had to quit her job as a truck driver. Psychologists, neurosurgeons, and other health-care professionals research to relieve pain for patients like Mrs. J. This much needed research offers hope for the millions of people whose lives have been disrupted by pain, such as chronic pain, hyperalgesia, and allodynia. While pain has always been present in humans' lives, Loeser and Melzack (1999) report that it is in only the past 30 years that pain research has made advances in both the treatment and the understanding of pain. There are three basic categories of pain: transient, acute, and chronic. Short-term, or transient pain, serves to protect an individual from any lasting damage. Nociceptive transducers activate this beneficial kind of pain in daily life when people stub a toe or get a mild sunburn. People rarely seek medical care to address transient pain symptoms. The pain itself motivates the person to stop the harmful activity to prevent additional pain and damaging injury. When damage does occur to an injured area, nociceptive transducers also activate acute pain, another beneficial type of pain. A broken bone or a tissue-damaging burn are examples of this medium-duration pain. People normally go to the doctor to aid the natural healing of the body and to reduce pain. Acute pain rarely continues for longer than three months; although, continuous acute pain from malignant diseases can last longer. The final category of pain, chronic, presents many challenges to both patients, like Mrs. J, and health-care providers. The pain fails to cease after treatment or even after healing in some cases. The body may be unable to heal as in the amputation of a limb. Pain experienced in the missing limb is known as phantom limb pain (Loeser and Melzack, 1999; Pain Drain, 1999).

A Place Where the Sea Remembers †Short Story Essay

In A Place Where the Sea Remembers, Sandra Benitez invites us into a mesmerizing world filled with love, anger, tragedy and hope. This rich and bewitching story is a bittersweet portrait of the people in Santiago, a Mexican village by the sea. Each character faces a conflict that affects the course of his or her life. The characters in this conflict are Remedios, la curandera of the small town who listens to people’s stories and gives them advice, Marta, a 16 year old teenage girl, who was raped and became pregnant. Chayo is Marta’s big sister and Calendario is Chayo’s husband. Justo Flores, his conflict is person vs. self. One of the most important conflicts in this story is person vs. person, then person vs. supernatural followed by person vs. self. Marta was raped at a young age, so she wants to have an abortion. As she talks about it, Calendario, her brother in-law promises her that he and Chayo would take care of her baby when he is born, for he has been promoted to the salad maker in town. But everything changes when Chayo and Calendario are blessed with a child that they thought they would never have. Since Chayo is about to have a baby of her own, she refuses to take care of Marta’s baby. Marta’s dream is to go to El Paso. She goes to see Calendario and she finds out that her own sister did not want to take care of her child because she is having one of her own. So that is when the conflict person vs. person begins between Marta and Chayo. When Chayo finds out about her sister’s betrayal they do not speak for years. There are hard feelings going on between them throughout the story. Marta has a second conflict, person vs. supernatural. Marta goes to see Remedios, la Curandera, to help her with her problem. Remedios knows what happened to Marta even before she speaks. She knows that she was raped on the beach against her will. When Marta tells her about her problem and asks if she could help her Remedios refuses. Marta, disappointed about her sister’s selfishness, goes to el brujo to put a spell on her sister’s son. Marta regrets doing that and goes to Remedios to undo the spell. Chayo still thinks the curse is there after four years. Marta takes care of her own child, and learns how to deal with the fact he came from a rape but in the end there is a twist of fate. Remedios has seen Marta’s future. She knows that her child is going to die; she sees this when the boy was in his mother’s womb. The conflict of person vs. person begins with Don Justo Flores. Each day he goes to the beach where people beach pay him to see his birds perform tricks. Don Justo is a lonely man but he has a story. He had two wives and five children, including Justina, his first, and Ernestina, his fifth. Suddenly he receives a telegraph; he suspects it is bad news but he cannot read. He hopes the telegraph is from Justina saying all is forgiven. So as he walks on the beach as usual, he finds a girl named Rita and asks her to pick her fortune. Don Justo asks the guy next to her to read him the telegraph. The guy tells him it is bad news after he reads, â€Å"Come home at once, papa Justina is gone from us.†(A Place Where the Sea Remembers, Sandra Benitez, p. 108) So he gathers his things and goes to town for tequila and he blames himself for not being a good father and not being there for Justina when she was a little girl. He remembers allowing his second wife to push Justina out of the hou se; he cannot stand the pain. Whether we like it or not, conflict is a part of everyday lives. It can happen to anyone, from your friends to your family. Often it is not the fact that conflict occurs, but how it is dealt with, how people react to it. After being touched by conflict, people can evolve and build strong relationships. However, conversely many people can also suffer and be influenced. Therefore, in some ways conflict can be commendable, and some ways it can be brutal. Often conflict is violent, negative and destructive. However, this is not always so. There are times where conflict can bring unexpected qualities from people change a person for the better. Humans are stubborn. In A Place where the Sea Remembers, Marta and Chayo are experiencing person vs. person conflict. If the sisters understood each other and accepted that each other’s perspective is different, but not wrong, there would not have been any conflict.

Scope of Managerial Economics

Q1. Yes. Firms represent a combination of people, physiologic assets, and education (fiscal, technical, marketing, and so on). People at present involved include investment trustholders, managers, workers, suppliers, and customers. Businesses use incompar open resources that would other(a)wise be available for other purposes, pay income and other taxes, provide oeuvre opportunities, and atomic number 18 responsible for much of the fabric intumesce-being of our society. Thus, totally of society is indirectly involved in the stanchs operation. Firms exist because they atomic number 18 useful in the process of allocating resources producing and distributing wides and services.As much(prenominal)(prenominal), they be basically stinting entities Q2. A. The just ab bug out direct government issue of a requirement to install new taint entertain equipment would be an increase in the operate live comp iodinent of the paygrade model. Secondary set up might be expected i n the rebate wander due to an increase in regulatory risk, and in the revenue enhancement function if consumers contradict positively to the installation of the pollution control equipment in production facilities. B. All triad major components of the paygrade modelthe revenue function, cost function, and the disregard graze be liable(predicate) to be impact by an increase in advertising.Revenues and cost exit both increase as output is expanded. The discount lay out may be affected if the securelys shekels outlook changes importantly because of change magnitude demand (growth) or if borrow is necessary to broth a fast expansion of plant and equipment to meet increased demand. C. The primary effect of newer and more frugal production equipment is a reduction in the total cost component of the valuation model. Secondary effects on fast(a) revenues could also be important if frown costs make price reductions executable and result in an increase in the quantity demanded of the firms products. ilkwise, the greatization rate or discount itemor can be affected by the firms changing prospects. D. The time pattern of revenues is affected by such a set decision to raise prices in the honest term. This leave behind alter production relationships and enthronement plans, and affect the valuation model by dint of the cost component and capitalization factor. E. A general lowering of interest judge leads to a reduction in the cost of capital or discount rate in the valuation model. F. Higher pass judgment of flash, leading to an increase in the discount rate, cause the present jimmy of a constant income stream to decline.Unless the firm is able to increase product prices in found to maintain profit margins, the value of the firm falls as inflation and the discount rate increases. Of phase, the economic effects of inflation on the economic value of the firm be complex, involving both asset and liability valuations, so determining th e boilers suit effect of inflation on the economic value of individual firms is a difficult line Q3. The economic profit concept provides the most appropriate basis for evaluating the operations of a business since it allows for a risk-adjusted traffic pattern rate of return on all capital devoted to the enterprise.Even when business get are substantial, economic profits can roughlytimes be negative given the effects of risk, inflation, and other factors. Substantial business profits are no guarantee to the growth, or even maintenance, ofcapital investment. In substantial practice, investors adjust reported accounting info to account for additional factors that moldiness be considered Q4. A. Interesting perspective on the characteristics of extraordinary businesses has been given by legendary rampart Street investors T. Rowe scathe and Warren E. Buffett.The lately T. Rowe Price was founder of Baltimore-based T. Rowe Price and Associates, Inc. , one of the big(p)st no-loa d mutual fund organizations in the coupled States, and the father of the growth banal speculation of put. According to Price, prepossessing growth stocks put on low labor costs, superior look for to develop products and new markets, a high-pitched rate ofreturn on stockholders loveliness (ROE), elevated profit margins, rapid wages per share (EPS) growth, lack cutthroat competition, and are comparatively immune from regulation.Omahas Warren E. Buffett, the billionaire dealer of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. , also looks for companies that pay strong franchises and hump pricing flexibility, high ROE, high exchange flow, owner-oriented management, and predictable earnings that are not natural targets of regulation. Like Price, Buffett has profited enormously by dint of his investments. To apply Prices and Buffetts investment criteria successfully, business managers and investors must be sensitive to fundamental economic and demographic trends.Perhaps the most lucid of these i s the maturement of the nation. Health-care demands will continue to soar. In mention of this fact, investors have bid up the shares of companies offering prescription drugs, health care, and health-care cost containment (e. g. , radical health agencies). Perhaps less obvious is that an aging and increasingly wealthy population will save growing amounts for their childrens education and retirement. This bodes well for mutual fund operators, insurance companies, and other firms that offer typical financial services.As the overall population continues to admire growing income, spending on unemployed activities is apt to grow companies that offer characteristic intimatelys and services in this area will do well. Helping well-heeled customers have fun has always been a good business. Productivity enhancement to combat economic stagnation is also likely to be a major thrust during the overture decade. In this area, it is perhaps easier to pick likely beneficiaries of emerging technologies than it is to chart the future course of technical advance.For example, catalog retailers, long-distance and cellular phone companies, and realisation card providers are all major beneficiaries of the rapid tone of advance in computer and information applied science. Similarly, major broadcasters, cable TV companies, motion-picture show makers, and software providers are all given to well-being from increasingly user-friendly technology for leisure-time activities. B. The American Express bon ton, Coca-Cola, Procter & Gamble, and Wells Fargo are well-known examples of major common stock holdings of Warren Buffetts Berkshire Hathaway, Inc.Each of Berkshires major holdings are large capital-intensive companies with long operating histories of above-average range of return. Like all really good business, they break a wise use of assets as indicated by an average ROE that is well above typical norms. Enhancing the attractiveness of these companies is the fact tha t they also display above-average annual rates of growth in stockholders equity. Thus, they can all be described as beneficiaries of high-margin growth. As is often the baptismal font, attractive financial and operating statistics reflect essentially attractive economic characteristics of each company.The American Express lodge is a premier travel and financial services firm that is strategically positioned to benefit from aging baby boomers. The Coca-Cola Company, one of Berkshires biggest and most successful holdings, typifies the concept of a extraordinary business. Coca-Cola humps perhaps the worlds strongest franchise owner-oriented management, and both predictable and growing returns. Also, the company is not playing area to price or profit regulation. From the stall of being a wonderful business, Coca-Cola is all the way the real thing. Newspapers, banks, and cable TV companies, such as The Washington Post Company and Wells Fargo &Company, translate immense economies o f exfoliation in production into dominating agonistical advantages. They also fit Buffetts criteria for wonderful businesses. In the case of Gillette, above-normal returns stem from unique products that are designed and executed by extraordinarily capable management. The late T. Rowe Price was wedded to invest in high-tech companies that produced distinctive products.On the other hand, Buffett is fond of saying that he doesnt understand high-tech and doesnt want to be blown out of business by a a few(prenominal) guys working in a garage somewhere. Of course, Buffetts thinly-veiled reference to Hewlett-Packard and the Silicon vale revolution that was started by two guys in a simple garage means that Buffett clearly does understand the problems of investing in hard-to-project high-tech companies. Thus, while Buffett avoids high-tech stocks, T. Rowe Price, if he were alive today, might find make the advantages of high-tech companies such as Microsoft, Intel, and cisco Systems, among others. C.Above-normal returns from investing in wonderful businesses are only possible to the extent that such advantages are not fully recognize by other investors. In the case of T. Rowe Price, early investments in Avon Products, Xerox, and IBM generated fantastic returns because Price saw their awesome potential faraway in advance of other investors. On the other hand, Buffett has profited by taking major positions in wonderful companies that suffer from some significant, but curable, malady. In 1991, for example, Buffett made a large investment in American Express when the company suffered unexpected credit card and real estate lend losses.When the company absorbed these losses without any lasting damage to its intrinsic profit-making ability, its stock price soared and Buffett cleaned up. Companies that are conservatively financed enjoy a similar ability to profit when an unexpected business downturn causes financially distressed rivals to sell valuable assets at barg ain-basement prices . Therefore, while above-average stock-market returns provide the clearest evidence of having picked good businesses for investment, short-term results can be disappointingly average or below-average if the virtues of these good businesses are clearly recognized in the marketplace.More foreclose still is the problem of purpose and investing in good businesses at attractive prices and then having to wait while pompous wisdom comes around to recognizing them as such. The overall stockmarket is extremely businesslike at ferreting out bargains and adjusting prices so that incidental investors earn only a risk-adjusted normal rate of return. For individual investors seeking above-average returns, finding good businesses is a necessary runner step, but they must also be incorrectly priced (too cheap). Buffett succeeds because he is unusually dependable at finding high-quality bargains.

Polonius has sometimes been presented Essay

in that location has been much take amongst critics and directors a a interchangeable(p) on the depth of Poloniuss character, and his break up in the converge. There be those, such as critic Myron Taylor, who view him as a much sinister persona, arguing his ineffectuality does non apologia his moral deviousness. Appearance has become his reality, thus implying he is exampled for menacing dramatic effect. only if others take a to a greater extent sympathetic view, for poser Elkin Calhoun Wilson that dotage repeatedly amuses us in his fondness for lecturing and giving advice, however heavy(a), to his meandering recent, so interpreting him as a more(prenominal) bumbling and comical element to an other sapiential sober play. Despite understanding both these views I still, handle crossroads, catch come out of the closet Polonius as a rash, intruding soft touch morsel. 3 exposure. 4 clientele33and entrust anything d genius that may erupt enigmatic or ominous sp ate merely consecrate occurred unintentionally (in the script) or through travesty in directing.Similarly to Wilson, I eject see how Polonius would add light-hearted, comic moderation to the play, especially when mated circuit boardh quick-witted small town, highlighting the cracks in Poloniuss delusional wise role he has adopted. Polonius has traditionally been play as a sinister character, with exaggerations on his espial and sneaking around castles, as is rendered in Franco Zeffirellis version, though homophiley productions in the twentieth Century put one across instead portrayed him as octogenarianer and more bumbling to bring a comic element to the play. There are two sides of Polonius tapen in travel 1 Scene 3 and Act 2 Scene 1.These focus on his relationships with Ophelia and Laertes, and to me portray him as suck inish once again, though not unintelligent. He appears authoritative Look tot I charge you come your ways Scene3 line. 135 to Ophelia and gives only instructions to Laertes Aboard, aboard.. neither a borrower nor a lender be lines55+75. This particular line enforces the idea he is comical/ soft touchish advising Laertes to leave else hell neglect his crossing, merely proceeding to bombard him with a protracted advisory speech that states what is obvious.It does seem that he is tangential here as well, as of frame Laertes is returning to university, not just starting, making the well-meant advice effectively knowledge that Laertes already has. Both his offspring effect an impression of having to be patient with him, replying in just short sentences as if to make up for clock lost Most humbly do I take leave my lord Laertes line 81. The consultations knowledge that he isnt as respected as he thinks himself to be can be humorous, developing an almost bumbling man who is held in higher esteem by himself than veritable(a) his long-suffering, and in the case of Ophelia, oppressed, children.With Ophelia, there is a cru cial difference their relationship than that with Laertes Polonius seems highly insensitive to her feelings, and Ophelias replies become more restrained and subservient. When peaching to Ophelia, for example, Polonius advises her on her relationship with critical point Do not believe his vows, for they are brokers Act 1 sc. 3 line 127 in Kenneth Branaghs production of the play, Ophelia has already slept with hamlet, and Branagh makes use of flashbacks in Ophelias see of their sexual relations as she listens absent-mindedly to her father.This helps back up an image of Polonius as kind of an ignorant, especially as Ophelias reply is so submissive, building an impression of an advisor of little use to anybody, which in turn strengthens his role as a comic. However, this display of worryability could be argued to be compromised in Act 2 Scene 1 as Polonius plots to trust spies after Laertes put on him What forgeries you please, Act 2 sc. 1 lines19+20, potentially disclosure a darker side to him, yet for me this is ruined later on in colloquy And then, sir, doesa this-he does-what was I about to say? suggesting he puts on an act whilst playing up his deviousness, as the inconsistency in language, dashes and faltering punctuation portray an inconsistent mind that runs away too intimately and is not to be taken seriously quite like the character itself not intended to be a serious one. With relevance to Claudius, when both in a scene, Polonius can either be argued to be more devious or even more of a twit. The former view could have been picked up on because of the spying and meddling that occurs between the two of them, such as in Act 3 Sc. 1 Her father and myself, lawful espials, Will so bestow ourselves lines 32+33 and to some may show a more sinister shade to his persona. In Branaghs full-length version, Polonius is sh give to be slyer, with the including of his (spying) scene with Reynaldo a scene some directors cut out to provoke their own, more positive view of the character, due to his scheming. Polonius is in a superior position in the court, which has been argued to be deliberate to use his status power to a menacingly-inclined advantage, but is this because of his wisdom (as critic Harry Levin believes Polonius is quotable because of the wisdom of his comments), or because Claudius just needs a friend?There is a supposition which great power explain his position, interpreting him as someone who erst had a great mind, but is now losing delay of it. This is Polonius in a more tragic light, though Claudius evidently still relies on him and trusts him, as he follows Poloniuss advice regarding spying, but also agreeing to a group meeting between juncture and the poove before crossroads is sent to England. The latter theory is the viewpoint that peradventure Claudius and Gertrude see him as a fool. When Polonius in Act 2 Sc. 2 gets carried away in his own wordiness Why day is day, wickedness night line 88 unintentio nally, he is opposing himself to the idea of his speech brevity is the soul of wit line 90, and Gertrude even remarks More theme with less art. line 95, in other words, bluntly pointing out that Poloniuss act as a wise advisor is conjured by himself that he is not the mind he thinks himself to be. Act 3 Scene 1 reconfirms my original theory, as Polonius guesses-incorrectly and slightly hypocritically-that the cause of Hamlets madness is down to Ophelias rejection, again giving Hamlet, and the consultation, the upper hand yet do I believe The origin and commencement of his tribulation/ Sprung from neglected love.Even when it is confirmed that critical points madness has nothing to do with Ophelia, Polonius sticks to his theory despite all evidence pointing to the contrary. Far from show sinister then, the two (Claudius and Polonius) together appear asinine, like puppets with Hamlet as their master, manipulating and playing their minds. This is demonstrated former in the play , as Polonius tells Ophelia not to believe his vows for they are brokers Act 1 sc. 3 line 127, yet here, he himself is taken in by Hamlets performance. It is also worth noting that Polonius had previously told Ophelia Affection?Pooh, you speak like a green girl Act 1 Sc. 3, lines 127, + 101, showing he is proving to be stubborn on a matter he previously disagreed with-and seemed so ready to persuade Ophelia likewise of- himself. Polonius is often contrasted with Hamlet. It could be argued his place in the play is to emphasise Hamlets quick-wittedness and intelligent nature. He seems not to understand the Prince is teasing him conversationally I did reenact Julius Caesar, I was eraseed I th Capitol Brutus killed me Polonius Act 3 Sc. 2lines 105+106 It was a brute part of him to kill so capitol a calf there Hamlet lines 107+8.Scenes like this also help to contrast Hamlets sharp colloquy with Poloniuss slow, lengthy modality of speech, particularly when he is with the King or Queen and uses it to impress as Elkin Calhoun Wilson has noticed and everyplace-elaborating it his wisdom in speech with the King and Queen. Hamlet only makes Polonius the butt of his jokes in Act 3 Scene 2 By th mass and tis, like a camel indeed Polonius line 375 Methinks it is like a weasel Hamlet line 376 and has more fun at the old diplomats expense.It also quite blatantly makes a joke out of Polonius, the laughs in the audience this time actually creation against him, as he remains too involved in the sound of his own voice to properly register what Hamlet is saying, establishing him unarguably as a comic character. Hamlet is a character with an excellent command over language in the play though, and is naturally quick without striving to be, whereas Polonius speaks in dragging, slow bouts and wants to be considered wise.There is clearly little respect towards Polonius from Hamlet (you are a fishmonger Act.2 Sc. 2 line 174, and, as he is the protagonist of the play, this sways the audiences thought process towards him. He is almost too cruel towards him at some points though, e. g. old men have colour in beards they have a plentiful inadequacy of wit Act. 2 Sc. 2 lines 197-201, clearly describing Polonius, and so perhaps enforcing the idea of him as a tragic character. veracious until the end, Hamlet still treats Polonius as a cabin class person showing no remorse at his death and branding him a rash, intruding fool Act 3 Scene 4 line 33 which of course he was.The words intruding convey a completely different meaning to cleverly meddling and rash doesnt invite the praise self-produced would. He was then labelled a fool during his time in the play, and labelled a fool again upon his exit. It is ironic Poloniuss death should be so unceremonious Act 3 Scene 4, academic degree directions Exit Hamlet dragging in Polonius line 219 given that his persona in the play was one of elaboration and false grandeur.This is almost like a last, bittersweet laugh against him, exactly the opposite of how he would have liked to have exited, the word dragged being of particular importance, as when performed on stage this would have been so undignified as to have pass over slightly into black humour territory, depending on the director (Ill lug the guts into the neighbour board, Hamlet, Act. 3 Scene. 4, line 213)It is also exposing that Polonius should have been killed from back the arras, and in a foolish way too.It would have been wiser to remain hidden, and so by shouting, symbolically, perhaps Polonius was revealing the shallowness there was to his sinister persona. Hamlets reaction is one of brevity and disrespect I took thee for thy better line 134. However, his death does act as a catalyst for the race towards the ending of the play Hamlet is sent to England to meet his death, though Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are killed instead. This matter to him finally taking revenge on Claudius, and results in the murders of Gertrude, Hamlet, L aertes and Claudius.Whether this increases his worth or not in the play is open to interpretation. Elkin Calhoun Wilson decides Polonius has a minor tragic proportionality as well as a major(ip) comic boasting my eyes catch a more embracive view of him than Hamlets possibly can and with this I can, to an extent, agree. It is tragic he should be cast off in such a way, and in him there was not just the dotty old fool, but also, as Elkin writes, a comic appendage. Overall then, looking at various views and studying the text thoroughly, I can stick by my judgement of Polonius as a foolish, though comic, character.Although considered unimportant by those in the play, I believe him to bring a welcome relief from the drama and tragedy entangled in the plot which would otherwise make for a very deject production. Of course, it is down to personal interpretation how a director would present the character, but to me the lengthy and self-important dialogue is unavoidable, and the undignifie d death inevitable, making Polonius -arguably- doomed to lack credible menace void of irony and humour, and therefore set firmly as a foolish prating character. 1999 words Sophie Mayall.Bibliography Websites usedhttp//www. metroactive. com/papers/metro/02. 20. 97/branagh-9708. html http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Polonius www. jstor. org- Studies in English Literature 1500-1900 Vol. 8, no(prenominal) 2, Elizabethan and Jacobean England www. jstor. org- Shakespeare every quarter Vol. 9, No. 1 (Winter 1958), pp. 83-85 Films Kenneth Branaghs film version Hamlet 1996 Franco Zeffirellis film version Hamlet 1990 Copies of the text Cambridge give instruction Shakespeare First Edition, published 1994 Heinemann Advanced Shakespeare, published 2000 Journals Shakespeare Quarterly Vol. 9 (winter 2005), Vol. 8 No. 2 (spring 1968).