U.S. housing market-boom or bust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

U.S. housing market-boom or bust - Essay Example The US housing market, once on its boom has witnessed a sharp decline in recent time which in effect has contributed to credit crunch for banks, pressure on currency or value of dollar in US, falling stock market, job cuts and global economic slowdown.But such was not the situation a few years back when the US housing market was at a BOOM.Looking back at the period of boom for the housing market in US we see that the interest rates were low according to the policies of Alan Greenspan, chairman Federal Reserve. In addition to prime loans, a lot of banks gave sub-primes loans to a great number of people. As the sub-prime loans increased, more people invested in property, bought houses to live in or rented them out. This was the time when the property prices were increasing. As the property prices increased, the value of the mortgage also increased, hence this lead to more borrowing and more sub-prime loans while the prices of property continued to increase.All that was happening till n ow was happening for good. But then the housing market took a different direction. The prices of property which was steeply increasing started to look more stable or flatter. This induced speculative buying and attracted a lot of sellers to the market. As the number of sellers increased due to speculation, the prices started to come down. This had a spiral effect and further decreased the prices with more people on the selling side. As the prices reduced, the value of mortgages also decreased often coming to a point lower than the loan provided. With buyers unable to pay back and value of mortgages lowered, the number of defaulters increased. With increased defaulters, the banks also came to the markets to sell the property against which the loans were taken. With more buyers, the sharp decline in housing markets was further ignited bringing the housing market of United States from a boom -to a bust. "Housing sales and prices in 2007 were much weaker than in 2006. The US housing industry in 2007 is in the deepest decline in 16 years." (Victor Sula, 2007) Some people blame the government and the policies for such a meltdown of the housing industry. They think the policies were not right to begin with and now nothing can be done to fix the damage already done. Also they blame the policies for the increased gap between the rich and the poor. This was not the end of the story. The decline of the housing market had further repercussions. With the housing market crashing, the credit worthiness of banks decreased. Increased number of defaulters meant more bad debts. This caused the decline of the stock market which of course affected other sectors as well. Investment was the main target. With the stock market in the home country in not such a good shape, investors started taking their investment outside the United States and foreign investment into United States also declined. This had an immediate effect on the value of dollar. This creates a problem with two solutions but both solutions present a loss to Americans. On the one hand, investors can be attracted by increased interest rates but housing market will go down faster. With lower rates investment will be lower. Also another factor with respect to investment that is taking place is that investors with the lowering price of dollar are investing in commodities like oil and petrol which in their view are safe and as a result the oil prices further increase. "Foreign investment is drying up and the world is no longer eager to purchase America's lavish debt. The only thing the Federal Reserve can do is raise interest rates to attract foreign capital or let the dollar fall in value. (Mike Whitney, 2007) Another effect was felt on the job market. With banks facing a credit crunch, there were a lot of job cuts putting a lot of people on the streets and curtailing their purchasing power. Job cuts were also taking place from other sectors such as automobile which contributed to the slowing down of economy and the houses now are selling much

Multiprocessing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multiprocessing - Assignment Example The symmetrical architecture allows the idle processor to process the information and does not allow the busy processor to process the information or task. Symmetrical multiprocessing architecture is often known to be rapid and most commonly utilized architecture regarding the multiprocessing. If one processor in the symmetrical multiprocessing architecture fails the other processors remain intact and the processing continues (Hagersten & Hill, 2001). Master slave multiprocessing architecture makes one of the processor to dominate all the other processors. The information is first received by the master processor that assigns the task to the other processor or resend the information to the idle processor. The master slave multiprocessing architecture is a bit more complex as compared to the symmetrical architecture. If the master processor fails, the entire processing system fails. All tasks are assigned by the master processor to the other processors in the master slave processing architecture (Lyonnard, Yoo, Baghdadi & Jerraya, 2001). In the symmetrical multiprocessing architecture, the Random Access Memory (RAM) remains the same for all the processors in the architecture. The RAM remains dedicated to one processor at one time, which is involved on the processing phenomenon. The system maintains the priority of certain tasks makes the RAM dedicated to the most valued and important tasks. In the similar manner all the processors in the symmetrical multiprocessing architecture share the memory, input and output devices, interrupts systems and other relevant system resources (Lyonnard, Yoo, Baghdadi & Jerraya, 2001). On the other hand, in the master slave multiprocessing architecture, inputs and outputs, memory, etc is directly controlled by the master processor. Common examples of the symmetrical multiprocessing architectures are the dual core processors made by Intel and other companies (Hagersten & Hill, 2001). Hyper threading is often associated

The Curious Case Of Benjamin Button Film Studies Essay

The Curious Case Of Benjamin Button Film Studies Essay In 2008, the short story was adapted to fit the big screen and unlike the short story the movie adaptation ran for almost three hours (The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, n.d.) . Most people could read Fitzgeralds version three-four times over in that amount of time the movie took. The basis of both the book and movie was simplistic yet versions told the fictional life story of a man living and experiencing life as he is developing physically backwards and cognitively forwards. The Curious Case of Benjamin Button is a rarity because normal Hollywood/story adaptations lack well developed variations of the story in their respective ways. They both are designed to force the reader or movie goer to self- reflect on their own life experiences. Benjamin Buttons life was an incredible account of events and relationships that were discovered, created, built and lost throughout his life-span. However, while he accomplished so much he was unable to live a life in the normal development pattern, but it allowed him and the reader/movie goer to view life from a different perspective. However his love of life is always strong and he spends a lifetime experiencing events on the opposite side of the spectrum dealing with the frustrations and hardship of being different (DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008). The Curious Case of Benjamin Button demonstrates developmental stages in reverse in such detail that one might believe it is not a completely fictional story. The story demonstrates the life experiences and development in a graceful depiction of life, love, and the events we expect to happen but never absolutely occur in exact linear progression. Benjamin Buttons journey starts off with his birth at a hospital, during a non-traditional period where hospitals were unusual settings for birth (DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008). This depicts the framework for the awkward experiences ahead. A hospital delivering babies was not a American societal custom in the 1860s. It was assumed that children were better off being born in the home in a safe environment even if the environment did not include a doctor. The intrigue of what is different about Benjamin is generated as the story builds, the doctor and the nurses at the hospital are depicted as rude and cruel towards the parents and newborn child. The doctor states that his professional reputation is damaged along with the odd reactions of the nurses (DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008). The narrator describes apprehensive and petrified behaviors after the delivery of Benjamin Button, but the narrator does not mention why the hospital staff are reacting through trepidations descriptions. When the peculiarity of Benjamin is finally explained, it leaves one to ponder the developmental process Benjamin will go through. Benjamins father is mortified, with the circumstance of his sons condition and development. He even states that his son as an appalling apparition and expresses concern about the views of society and his culture will have when they meet Benjamin (DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008). While his father struggles to process the situation. The question his parents struggle with is trying to decide what stage of development Benjamin is developing in. As Erik Eriksons theory states, Benjamin should be in a basic needs stage and learning about parental trust (Berk, 2012). Erikson defines trust as a critical openness of believing in the compassion that your parents will provide you with fundamental basic needs, and building a sense of ones own trustworthiness of themselves and others. In normal case of development an infant depends on parents providing care and nourishment. Eriksons theory places a high significance on the mother, providing an environment of nourishment and safety (Berk, 2012). Benjamins development was not occurring in a trust or mistrust stage and not developing the need of parental influences, associated with basic trust and mistrust theory (Berk, 2012). Benjamins father demonstrated distant and apathetic feelings towards his son (DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008). If Benjamin was developing normally, his fathers behavior would severely impact Benjamins ability to develop trust in people close to him. A childs relative understanding of the world and society are largely modeled through parental interactions with their child. Benjamins mother was warmth, affectionate and loving towards Benjamin even though her son was very different (Berk, 2012). Benjamins father acts with detestation about the condition of his sons development (DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008). . Benjamin is in a stage of later life cognitive thoughts and his emotional stage is one of slow physical productivity and exploration of reflections of a life accomplished tasks and self-integrity determines (Berk, 2009). Benjamin did not have these experiences, but he was portrayed through the story as living a happy, productive and meaningful life (DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008). While his father develop a sense of despair and internalized his sons condition as a failure of his own life, he believed this lead to constant internal disappointment in himself and his son. Mr. Button was not intrinsically motivated to help his son achieve and did was not demonstrating a content parental attitude and was not happy about providing his son with basic needs. If Benjamin was a normal developing child his fathers lack of providing parental support, learning opportunities and experiencing would severely impair Benjamin (Berk, 2009). Mr. Button finds a costume suit, that he wants Benjamin to wear as normal clothes, Benjamin rightfully complains about the attire. Mr. Button is ferocious in his reply to his son and tells him he embarrassed him with his presents. Benjamin replies to his father in what could only be a learned response of offensive remarks towards his father and breaking the tension with a comical imitation of loving discourse towards his father (DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008). . His parents were still trying to feed him warm milk through bottles and he would joylessly shake his rattle to appease them. His parents were so confused about how to introduce him to socially appropriate activities, so they went with activities that were with children the same age as him. But Benjamin was establishing a taste of Havana cigars which he stole from his father, as he read the encyclopedia (DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008). His parents pushed his peer interacts even though his condition placed him in a much advanced development stage. Benjamin was starting to transition into a new stage as he digressed from late life development levels to middle age stage behaviors and thoughts associated with cognitive thought processes displayed in late and middle age stages (Berk, 2009). Benjamin would still try and appease his parents though age related behaviors such as breaking a window or break something to continue the age related behaviors that made his father happy (DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008). Benjamin and his grandfather became good friends and were able to relate and they spent much time together. However, Benjamin was sent to kindergarten when he turned five and fell asleep so often that he was removed. Benjamin knew where he was in the developmental stages and felt childish not being able to wear long pants. When he asked that he be allowed to wear long pants, his father replied with needing to wait until he was fourteen. So, Benjamin feeling the need to advance his ability to leave a positive impact on society applied and successfully enrolled at Yale. However, he was unable to color his gray hair and was thrown out of Yale because they felt that he posed a threat. Benjamin was still frail in stature, but they decided that not understan ding him was a danger. Benjamin went to Harvard and became a Harvard graduate instead (DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008). . Benjamin returns from war in 1880, as a twenty year old in a fifty year old body. His father looks more like a brother and their developmental cogitation parallel each other. Benjamin met Hildegarde Moncrief during a dance and reacts to her physically beauty, company and social equalities with instant adornment (DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008). She felt just as strongly because she assumes he is in his fifties. She and Benjamin are engaged within six months. Benjamin is in the early stages of middle age and in the late stages that play a role in ones quest for intimacy with a partner or being isolated due to rejection of intimacy (Berk, 2009). Benjamin and Hildegarde are at or around this development stage, neither one wants to be isolated from the affection of another. Both have established age related identities, and developed the ability to be in a long-term relationship, because they have formed intimate, mutual relationships that can include sacrifices and compromi ses needed in a healthy relationship require. Both of the characters understood this because of their cognitive development and knew what the other wanted (Berk, 2009). This could explain the lack of time it took Benjamin to ask for Hildegardes hand. Benjamin and his wife have children and over the years he starts to appear younger. His interest in his wife is a losing battle along with his marriage, but he regains an interest in rejoining the army when war is declared (DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008). . Benjamin leaves to fight in the Spanish-American War of 1898. Benjamin is moving from a development in the the Intimacy vs. Isolation confliction stage to a late stage development of commitment. Benjamin is starting to develop a confusion of identity. This may explain Benjamins desire to re-join the Army and go to war, and lose interest in his wife. When Benjamin returns he finds his wife aging quickly and her development is taking place in the later stages of life, her hair is gray and he realizes that he is developing younger behaviors while she is developing in the opposite direction. They have a son and Ten years after his son graduates, from Harvard Benjamin goes to Harvard to play football and when he plays against Yale, he single handily scored seven touchdowns and fourteen field goals as a freshman athlete (DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008). . Benjamin development starts demonstrating the competence stage and at fifty-seven he enjoys reading stories and playing with age related peers, and he is considered a playful child (Berk, 2009). His son Roscoe is disgraced with him and is made that he is no longer a man but a child (DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008). His son has a baby and he is a grandfather but they are attending kindergarten on the same day and in the same development level demonstrating autonomy abilities and feeling shame and self-doubt. Benjamin slowly develops into the infant that his parents long ago wish he was and tried to raise him as and slowly developed into nothing dying peacefully as an infant(DeFilippis, Weir, Cornell, Fitzgerald, 2008).

Gummo - Movie Critique :: essays research papers

The film Gummo is intended to be a symbolic movie in which fantasy and reality intertwine. Initially, the film opens in a small town in Ohio after a tornado has swept through and destroyed it. Economically the small region is wrecked. Like the buildings around them, the social fabric that is holding the town together is coming apart at the seams. Whatever traditions and values this town has held in the past seem to no longer exist as the line between the sacred and the profane has been obscured beyond recognition. While it is difficult to know outright the attitudes and convictions of any social group, based on what the film shows there is little, if any, social solidarity in this environment. The foundation for this statement can be seen in the lack of any authoritative figures in the film. The town is seemingly void of any structure, law, or government, and the actions of its’ residents seem to reflect this. Individualism seems to reign supreme in this community, if it can b e called that. Admittedly social bonds such as friends and family still exist, but as a whole individual pursuits and interests still override any pretense of collective purpose. This fact, however, doesn’t truly deviate at all from what is considered normal, true it does take on a much uglier face in Gummo, but individual goals and pursuits are commonplace practically anywhere in the United States and around the globe. On the other hand, it must be realized that in most instances natural disasters do have a history of bringing communities together in times of hardship, something that is not at all seen in the film. In short, the social order, much like the town itself, is in shambles, with little or no social solidarity. Gummo is meant to be entirely symbolic in one way or another. One of the more notable symbolisms is that of cats and their murder. The function of their deaths is rather straightforward: in a town such as this, there appears to be very little to do. In fact one thing that is never seen in Gummo is the playing of any kind of sport or recreational activity. It appears as though the teenagers are suffering from extreme cases of boredom and, because of the demand at the butcher shop, they can be paid and entertained through the murdering of these animals.

Critically examine the architecture, routines, and culture (ARC) framework of organisational design as proposed by Saloner, Shepard and Podolny in Strategic Management Essay

The design of an organisation is highly crucial for a firm in today’s world in order for it to achieve and sustain its competitive advantage that will place the firm in a stronger position than its rivals. The firm can manipulate the components of organisation design, fit these elements with one another and with the strategy, to impact the firm’s performance. Hence, the goal for the organisation is to have a good fit between the firm’s design and its competitive advantage in order for the firm to be strategically aligned with the strategy. Any effective design will have to address 2 general problems: the coordination and incentive problems and must do so in a way that supports the organisation’s strategy. The firm can make use of the Architecture, Routines and Culture (ARC) framework to grapple these problems. This essay will firstly describe how the ARC framework can be implemented accordingly. An effective design will depend on the 3 elements working together and so, these interactions will be analysed. In addition, the implications of the framework will be examined too. To start, we need to define each component of the ARC framework. Firstly, the architecture refers to the dividing of the firm into subunits and establishing linkages among these groups. Secondly, routines are the formal and informal procedures while carrying out tasks developed from repetition. They embody established interfaces which pertains certain expectations about what will flow across them and a protocol for accomplishing the transfer. Lastly, culture is the commonly held values and beliefs of individuals within the organisation and once deeply embedded, is the evaluative criteria for behaviour and decision making in the firm. The 2 main challenges of organisation design are the coordination and incentive problems. As they are interrelated, their effects are intertwined and addressing one could impact the other. The coordination problem refers to the challenge of establishing an organisation design that achieves an efficient deployment of assets within the firm so that it can achieve its objectives as efficiently as possible. There are several crux of the coordination problem: balancing the gains from specialisation and the gains from integration; and how the decision making process is designed with the need for access to information flows. The incentive problem refers to eliciting the right amount and type of effort in the presence of hidden information and hidden action. It arises from the divergence of interests and objectives of the manager and the shareholders and is most commonly linked to the Principal-Agent problem. Having explained the key concepts, the coordination and incentive problems will be addressed with the ARC framework. In order to construct an organisation structure, the firm is broken down into subunits and such delineation impacts information and resource flows within the firm. To tackle this, one has to match an architecture structure which minimises coordination problem. An argument from the Strategic Management would be whether functional or divisional structures would be better to deal with it. A functional organisation is one which groups individuals according to the tasks they perform. The different functional groups (R&D, marketing, finance et.cetra) are clustered together to be overseen by a superior. Such a classification of groupings reaps the benefits of specialisation as information sharing and learning is facilitated. There is an efficient spread of knowledge and incubation of ideas among the specialists such as in the R&D sector where creative ideas can be built upon other’s ideas to attain innovation. Functional division allows better problem solving process as having similar specialists such as engineers in a group can lead to early detection of a manufacturing glitch and faster solving speed. In addition, there is a clear hierarchy with well-defined positions established within each function. The role of advancement is clear and hence employees are motivated to specialise and invest heavily in human capital to advance. On the other hand, divisional structure differs as the primary subunits are classified based on business divisions and under each of them are functional sub divisions. This allows for better facilitation of coordination across functions especially as the firm increases in scale and scope. If a retail firm divisions according to the different customer group it serves: Women and Children, both sub-divisions are served by functional groups. The design team could learn quickly about the change in taste of its customer group from the sales team of which will not be possible if the teams did not operate under the same subunit. This supports Alfred Chandler’s claim that divisional structure enhances accountability and communication. Hierarchy too, is an important factor to consider when structuring a firm to address coordination problem. Since the communication among managers together with the dissemination of information and shared resources to the groups coordinates the actions of the subunits, the level and nature of hierarchy affects the effectiveness of the communication process. Passing information through each level consumes resources, causes delays and degrades the information by introducing noise and distortion. This justifies the allocation of decision-making rights to those who have the most immediate access to the relevant information. However, decision makers may not know how their decisions will affect the other subunits. Away to address this is to create a formal linking mechanism that coordinates the decision across subunits or to centralise authority for only decisions which require more coordination. Horizontal linkages can also be established across units to achieve coordination. Its mechanisms facilitate information and resource flows without affecting the organisation of the subunits and this allows cooperation across units without sacrificing the gains from specialisation and decentralisation. There are several forms ranging from informal to formal procedures which include personal network, liaison, task forces and integrators. The selection among these options depends on the interdependence among subunits. More interdependent subunits will require a more tightly coupled design. Horizontal linkages benefits are 2 fold: they promote information flows and they get the firm away from rigidity. An apt example would be the strategy of the Japanese auto mobile firms located in the United Kingdom. The managers and workers share common facilities and by doing so, horizontal linkages are built in the firm on a less formal setting with a flatter structure. Managers dine with the workers and this provides the platform for the quick dissemination of information and decision making. Under the ARC analysis, routines also solves coordination problem as the established interfaces bring about large coordination gains. With each worker clear of his roles and the procedures, gains from specialisation is reaped. More importantly, huge informational efficiencies are gained as when tasks proceed from one unit to another, minimal amounts of information is needed to be communicated between units as each unit only needs to know the information to carry out its part. Decision making routine also facilitates the decision making process as it is applied every time a decision is made, thereby excluding biased and inefficiency from disagreements among decision makers. Lastly, a routine way for one division to access the resources in another division enables the firm to coordinate in ways that would be difficult if the firm has to make a new resource sharing decision each time. ulture too, induces cooperation. With a common set of beliefs, members of the firm will not approve of actions that violate the culture of the firm. The workers are naturally coordinated in actions and appropriate behaviour. With a well developed norm of reciprocity, resource and information sharing can be achieved between and across subunits and this enhances cooperation. Also, culture helps employees focus on tasks that are important for the competitive advantage of the firm. The ARC framework can be implemented to deal with the incentive problems as follows. Compensation and reward schemes can be designed to induce desirable behaviour. Financial incentives are a strong motivation for workers to act in profit-maximising behaviour. However, this can lead to the substantial variation compensation over time and it is difficult to ascertain the profit impact of the units’ activities. To reward more accurately, compensation can be tied to a combination of imperfect indicators of unit performance according to the 4 rules of thumb. However, these indicators are subjective and the cost of collecting and analysing the data could be too great. Architecture structure should also be considered to minimise the incentive problem by affecting the importance of cooperation across units. If decisions cut across 2 separate organisation units, the identities and performances of them are intertwined and this brings a self-interest reason to assist the other and cooperate. However, not fully owning the consequence of performance will dilute incentives for individual performance. Architecture has its limitations in dealing with the incentive problem and the other elements are important to better solve it. Routines improve the incentive problem, but also not to a great extent. They do create opportunities to get better indicators of performance of which can be incorporated with the architecture compensation scheme of combining incentives from other indicators of performance. Routines can also automate activities for which it is otherwise difficult to provide incentives for. Lastly, culture plays a stronger rule in addressing the incentive problem as it targets the foundation of the issue of aligning interests. With a strong culture, it is possible to have the firm and subunits share similar goals thereby evoking that particular behaviour from individuals without pecuniary rewards. Suppose a consultancy firm’s competitive advantage lies in providing effective solutions to their clients’ problem, it can spread this belief to its employees. If the employees attain considerable satisfaction from delivering results, they will behave in ways aligned with the company’s competitive advantage without the need of the firm to offer financial incentives for this behaviour. However, the difficulty in reinforcing culture has to be accounted for as it could meet resistance in a change in mindset among the employees. Yet once established, culture leads to an effective organisation design. Within the ARC framework, the elements of the organisation design interact with each other to solve the challenges posed. An example could be how the culture could influence the routines of the firm as the standardised interfaces could be derived from the culture. With the norm of reciprocity in the firm, resource sharing routine will be established in such a way that subunits are more willing to share resources in order to solve the effective deployment of resources from the coordination problem. Another perspective of the ARC interaction could be how culture affects architecture. If a firm has an open-minded culture, it could direct the style of structure to a flatter hierarchy with more interaction between subordinates and superiors. This encourages improved flow of information asset in the firm. Using the ARC framework suggests many implications for the organisation. Given the complexity and intricate relationships between the elements of the firm’s ARC and the organisation design problems, designing the organisation is not as straight forward a task for the managers. The managers will require a deep understanding and strong execution of the elements of the firm’s ARC or more problems could arise. A possible solution proposed by Saloner, Shepard and Podolny is to have a systematic approach to collecting information on the design challenge facing the firm and design elements. There are 2 parts to carrying it out of which the first is to ask and analyse problems that would be addressed if the organisation is restructured. The second part poses questions to gather a good description of the firm’s current ARC. The managers are to identify any inconsistencies among the elements that are making the organisation less effective as it could be. Although this approach allows more accurate identifying of the weak areas of the ARC, managers will still have to learn by doing and tweak their policies over time for the optimal design. A second implication would be the need for the framework to be dynamic so as to achieve organisation agility. As an organisation is designed to obtain a competitive advantage for the firm, it is pertinent that the nature of its competitive advantage is considered. The organisation design has to be flexible and change in tandem with the changing needs of the competitive advantage. Hence, there is no one best design to accommodate all considerations. Firstly, firms must continually develop and deepen its current competitive advantage to meet the challenges of competition (exploiting). Secondly, the firm may want to alter its strategy to pursue another form of competitive advantage (explorer). A retail firm in an economy recession will need to change its competitive advantage to producing lower priced goods to garner market shares and can do this by flexibly changing its incentives to reward the manufacturing department based on sales volume, thereby producing at lower cost. Firms can meet this challenge by possessing elements of both exploration and exploitation to profit. Lastly, does the ARC framework act solely to design an organisation to achieve the firm’s competitive advantage? It could work better if complemented with other processes such as innovation. Innovation could be connected with organisation design to ensure a more sustainable competitive advantage. A firm could incentivise its employees based on how good they are in coming up with cutting edge technologies to promote innovation in the firm. In conclusion, the ARC framework has given a reasonable approach to design an organisation. Most of the arguments, however, assume according to Alfred Chandler’s view that â€Å"structure follows strategy†. Does this relationship need to follow as such so that the company structure runs parallel to the strategy? I beg to differ as the strategy and structure relates reciprocally and hence, the ARC framework could be at times used at the deciding factor of the company’s strategic planning too.

Cross-Cultural Communication Essay

To participate effectively in today’s world, we must recognize that communication is profoundly related to culture. To achieve effectiveness in social and professional life, we need to be sensitive to culture difference and adapt our interaction to people of varied culture background. The following scenario highlights the importance of adapting interaction to people with different culture. Five years ago, when I just came to Singapore, I came across an incident which made me realize that different cultures may influence people behaves differently under the same circumstance. After we finished a school group project, all the team members Wu Gang (Chinese), Samuel (Singaporean) and I (Chinese) decided to have a dinner together at a Chinese restaurant for celebration. When the dinner came to the end, Wu Gang took out his wallet and would like to pay the bill. At that moment, Samuel asked Wu Gang how much he should pay for his share. â€Å"No need, no need! It’s my treat.† replied by Wu Gang. Seeing this, I tried to took the bill from Wu Gang and insist that I pay the bill this time. Wu Gang stopped me, saying to me â€Å"Leave it to next time†. Meanwhile, he stood up and approached to casher for payment. Samuel still insisted on paying his own share and left the money to him after Wu Gang came back. At the end, Wu Gang accepted Samuel’s money unhappily. Samuel was confused and uncomfortable with Wu Gang’s reaction. At that time, I didn’t understand Samuel’s insistence either because it is so common in China for one to pay for everybody in dinner. People pay the bill for you to treat you as a close friend as if you were a family member. Rejection means that you reject to be a close friend. That’s why Wu Gang was unhappy to Samuel in the above scenario. The appropriate respond in China culture is to treat your friend back next time. Now, after living in Singapore for several years, I understand that Singaporeans are more comfortable to split the bill even they are close friends. In Singapore culture, it reflects respect and fairness to your friend that each one pays his/her own share. In this incident all of us chose our own â€Å"correct way† to deal with the situation but ignore others’ different cultural background. Many people evaluate others based on the standards of their own culture. Some people think their standards reflect universal truths. They aren’t aware that they are imposing the yardstick of their particular culture and ignoring the yardsticks of other cultures. Devaluing whatever differs from our own ways limits human interaction and leads misunderstanding. . In China, one preson usually pays for __6__ . In Western countries, one preson pays if he or she is entertaining clients , but __7__ friends eat together , they usually share the cost. This is called ‘going Dutch’.

How does Shakespeare present the character of Mercutio and what role does he play in Romeo and Juliet Essays

How does Shakespeare present the character of Mercutio and what role does he play in Romeo and Juliet Essays How does Shakespeare present the character of Mercutio and what role does he play in Romeo and Juliet Paper How does Shakespeare present the character of Mercutio and what role does he play in Romeo and Juliet Paper I. This also shows Mercutio to be quite a stubborn character as he ignores Benvolios advice. Secondly those whom were seated would be of greater intelligence giving them better understanding of some of the poetry and puns his character used to express his feelings. In conclusion Mercutios character is a very unique one and a foil to Romeo. His death is a major turning point after which the play changes from light heartedness to tragedy. Not only appealing to one class of audience members but to all with his different attributes. His character is fundamental for helping to unfold the play.

Free Essays on Reasonable Doubt

â€Å"GOT A PROBLEM DOWN HERE.† That is what headquarters heard on November 7th, 1983 as the Bloomington, Illinois police officers began arriving on the scene of 313 Carl Drive, the home of David Hendricks, his wife Susan, and their three children Rebekah, Grace and Benjamin. The home turns out to be a horrific crime scene where the entire family is brutally murdered except for David Hendricks who was away on a business trip or was he? Medical facts played a huge role in the trial. A psychologist was hired to help chose the jury. One of the largest issues raised was on the emptying of gastric contents after a meal and what factors might affect it such as: pyloric stenosis, osmolarity, exercise, whether the food was bolted like children sometimes do, migraines, fainting and brain tumors. Forensic pathologist testified on such issues as: rigor mortis, livor mortis, chemical changes in the eyes, and when digestion stops after death. Autopsy’s details were discussed including descriptions of lacerations, skull injuries, blood loss, brain hemorrhage and vertebrae injuries. I would not have wanted to be a jury member for this trial, after reading the entire book I can’t even begin to decide what happened that terrible night. He was believed by his neighbors to be an outstanding member of the community, extremely religious, and a devoted husband and father. He also had another side that showed some sexual perversions and some illegal business deals. David Hendricks, the defendant on trial is eventually convicted of this crime but even the judge goes on record to say, â€Å"he was not convinced in his heart beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt†.... Free Essays on Reasonable Doubt Free Essays on Reasonable Doubt â€Å"GOT A PROBLEM DOWN HERE.† That is what headquarters heard on November 7th, 1983 as the Bloomington, Illinois police officers began arriving on the scene of 313 Carl Drive, the home of David Hendricks, his wife Susan, and their three children Rebekah, Grace and Benjamin. The home turns out to be a horrific crime scene where the entire family is brutally murdered except for David Hendricks who was away on a business trip or was he? Medical facts played a huge role in the trial. A psychologist was hired to help chose the jury. One of the largest issues raised was on the emptying of gastric contents after a meal and what factors might affect it such as: pyloric stenosis, osmolarity, exercise, whether the food was bolted like children sometimes do, migraines, fainting and brain tumors. Forensic pathologist testified on such issues as: rigor mortis, livor mortis, chemical changes in the eyes, and when digestion stops after death. Autopsy’s details were discussed including descriptions of lacerations, skull injuries, blood loss, brain hemorrhage and vertebrae injuries. I would not have wanted to be a jury member for this trial, after reading the entire book I can’t even begin to decide what happened that terrible night. He was believed by his neighbors to be an outstanding member of the community, extremely religious, and a devoted husband and father. He also had another side that showed some sexual perversions and some illegal business deals. David Hendricks, the defendant on trial is eventually convicted of this crime but even the judge goes on record to say, â€Å"he was not convinced in his heart beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt†....

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Profile

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Profile Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is one of Howard Gardners nine multiple intelligences. This intelligence involves how well an individual controls her body in terms of physical activity and/or fine motor skills. People who excel in this intelligence typically learn best by doing something physically as opposed to just reading and answering questions. Dancers, gymnasts, and athletes are among those that Gardner sees as having high kinesthetic intelligence. Background Gardner, a developmental psychologist  and Harvard University education professor, decades ago developed a theory that intelligence can be measured in many ways other than simple IQ tests. In his seminal 1983 book, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences  and his update, Multiple Intelligences: New Horizons, Gardner laid out the theory that paper-and-pencil IQ tests are not the best ways to measure intelligence, which can include spatial, interpersonal, existential, musical and, of course, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.  Many students, however, do not perform to their best ability during pen and paper tests. While there are some students who function well in this environment, there are those who do not. Gardners theory unleashed a firestorm of controversy, with many in the scientific - and specifically psychological -community arguing that he was merely describing talents. Nevertheless, in the decades since he published his first book on the subject, Gardner has become a rock star in the education field, with literally thousands of schools taking up his theories. These theories are taught in nearly every education and teacher-certification program in the country. His theories have gained acceptance and popularity in education because they argue that all students can be smart or intelligent but in different ways. The Babe Ruth Theory Gardner  explained bodily-kinesthetic intelligence by describing the story of a young Babe Ruth. Ruth was playing catcher, although some accounts say he was just a spectator standing to the side, at St. Marys Industrial School for Boys in Baltimore. He was only 15 and laughing at a bumbling pitcher.  Brother Matthias Boutlier, a true mentor to Ruth, handed him the ball and asked if he thought he could do better. Of course, Ruth did. I felt a strange relationship between myself and that pitchers mound, Ruth later described in his autobiography. I felt, somehow, as if I had been born out there. Ruth, of course, went on to become one of sports historys greatest baseball players, and indeed, perhaps historys top athlete. Gardner argues that this kind of skill is not so much a talent as it is an intelligence. Control of bodily movement is localized in the motor cortex, Gardner says in Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, and  with each hemisphere dominant or controlling bodily movements. The evolution of body movements is an obvious advantage in the human species, suggested Gardner. This evolution follows a clear developmental schedule in children, is universal across cultures and thus satisfies the requirements of being considered an intelligence, he says. People Who Have  Kinesthetic Intelligence Gardners theory can be connected to differentiation in the classroom. In differentiation, teachers are encouraged to use different methods (audio, visual, tactile, etc)  to teach a concept. Using a variety of strategies is a challenge for educators who use different exercises and activities in order to find ways a student will learning a topic. Gardner defines intelligence as an ability to solve problems.  But, whatever you call it, certain types of people have a great intelligence or ability in the bodily-kinesthetic area, such as athletes, dancers, gymnasts, surgeons, sculptors, and carpenters. Furthermore, famous people who have displayed a high level of this kind of intelligence include former NBA player Michael Jordan, the late pop singer Michael Jackson, professional golfer Tiger Woods, former NHL hockey star Wayne Gretzky and Olympic gymnast Mary Lou Retton. These are clearly individuals who have been able to do extraordinary physical feats. Educational Applications   Gardner and many educators and proponents of his theories say there are ways to foster the growth of kinesthetic intelligence in students by offering the following in the classroom: including role-play activitiesusing manipulativescreating learning centers having students create models when appropriateacting out literature or readingsmaking a video presentation for the class All of these things require movement, rather than sitting at a desk and writing notes or taking paper-and-pencil tests. Conclusion Gardners bodily-kinesthetic intelligence theory says that even students who do not ace paper-and-pencil tests can still be considered intelligent. Athletes, dancers, football players, artists, and others can learn effectively in the classroom if teachers recognize their physical intelligence. Differentiating instruction for bodily-kinesthetic learners offers an effective means to reach these students who may well have bright futures in professions that require a talent for controlling body movements. Other students will benefit from the use of movement as well.

How does industrialisation AND ITS consequences make a middle class Essay

How does industrialisation AND ITS consequences make a middle class visible in the first half of the 19th century - Essay Example started in Britain and depending on the speed of knowledge transfer in that age and time, it soon spread throughout the world in some shape or the other. Within a few decades, the socioeconomic system that was based on manual labour was to be replaced by a culture which was dominated by industry and manufactured goods (Hobsbawm, 1999). Hobsbawm (1999) suggests that the revolution started with the changes to the textile industries which were the first to start using machines. The creation of the machines themselves was based on the refinements in how iron was produced that allowed the creation of new tools and equipment. At the same time, other elements required for improved communications, delivery of goods and transport were more or less in place which helped to expand the trade between cities as well as countries. Waterways, improved conditions of roads and the presence of railways all helped in making sure that goods as well as people could move from one location to another without significant investments of time and money. Additionally, Mr. Watt had understood the genie contained in steam power and had unleashed it by 1760. Although earlier designs also existed he is credited with creating the first working steam engine which allowed machines to work much faster, better and at an untiring pace as compared to human effort. Steam power was also added to boats, ships and other means of transport but the effect it had on the workshops and industrial plants was the greatest in terms of how it would change the fabric of society (Wikipedia, 2007). The coming of The Enlightenment provided an established system which accepted the real business related applications of the growing body of scientific knowledge that had been accumulated by Britain. In fact, the development and perfection of the steam engine can be considered only a small part of it since the process of the Industrial Revolution was guided by scientific analysis and the development new political as well

The Influence of Globalization as Exampled through the Silk Road Essay

The Influence of Globalization as Exampled through the Silk Road - Essay Example The roads also provided routes for conquest and violence, reorganizing boundaries. While there was a brief period of conquest such as the Mongolian invasion, during the 13th century the majority of exchange along the Silk Road was peaceful. The Silk Road provided a pathway for journeys that can be compared to today’s globalization as the distribution of information and commerce becomes a part of a system of interactions between nations. The Silk Road was the method of creating international trade before the notion of sea travel took over as a means towards expanding resource opportunities. Through international trade, a population has the potential to acquire luxury items from a distance through trade with other centers of population. The Silk Road created a connection between nations, spanning Europe in the Mediterranean Sea area, through Persia and into China and Korea, and then down into the Java area, back through India, Arabia, down to Somalia, and then back up through Eg ypt, using water routes that were not too far from destinations and the shoreline. Christian discusses the vast number of roles, such as teachers, pilgrims as well as merchants that occurred through the existence of the large numbers of trade opportunities within the ancient and medieval worlds. The trade routes provided for a complete and complex world that interconnected the African and Asian worlds with Europe, creating a great deal of technological development and influence.1 Despite modern contexts of understanding about the divisions between the West and the East, with a disconnected idea about Africa as a part of the development of Western society, these trade routes created deep influences and a great amount of world development that would eventually affect the New World as it was developed in the second millennia. Palmyra and Petra, as an example, were centers of art which flowed into the lower regions of Europe, influencing the development of artistic motifs in the West. A s well, the concept of coins for trade was developed in Anatolia, which spread through the Silk Road worlds, including the Mediterranean. There were a great number of types of items that were traded along these routes of trade, but the reason that they were called the ‘Silk Road’ is because of the rich resources of silk that were available. Silk was developed at a very early time period within Asia and became a highly valued commodity for trade. Patterned silks are available from the regions of Persia and India from the 6th century, located in tombs that archaeologists have retrieved and been able to examine for the methods of weaving. Chinese silks are not readily available for modern study and are known primarily through literary referencing from that time period.2 Many of the problems with studying the ancient world is that so much is dependent upon reports, rather than through physical and tangible evidence. Because many nations appeared to have mastered the creatio n of silk fabric after the 6th century, it is likely that increases in trade occurred after that time, allowing samples and the technology to be transferred throughout the region.3 There are a great number of examples that explain the value of silk. There is little evidence that India held it as a valued commodity, but a great number of examples that show that China believed it to have great value. Xinru

Personal and professional development for business Essay

Personal and professional development for business - Essay Example As I reflect about my school life and attempt to gain success in professional field, I have understood the massive influence of my education on my present learning. I have historically infused education as a vital part and am currently improving myself through the way of higher education and training. These past experiences and present education will lead me to the outset of developing my personal career interests i.e. to become a gym instructor and to attain a commendable position in Tesco Plc. I desire to proposer my career in the field of fitness industry and retail segment and thus, there is a need for personal and professional development. Through personal and professional development plan, I can utilise my strengths and reduce my weaknesses for gaining better prospect of success in my career. Education and Training From the schooling days, I was quite obsessive regarding the selection of my profession which can provide me better enjoyment and where I can render my complete effo rt. Since I want to become a gym instructor, I have taken training on body building and exercising. I am quite good in workout and also have good physique which is an essential component of a gym instructor. I have also taken education on the subject of physical fitness. On the other hand, I have also the desire to perform as a top-level employee in Tesco. Due to this reason, I have also attempted to gain educational knowledge on business. Presently, I am pursuing BA Honours with specialisation in marketing. Since marketing is one of the vital activities of Tesco, this course will be helpful for me to obtain better understanding about different aspects of Tesco’s operations. I have a strong desire for utilising my learnings from present education in my future professional life. Key Lessons Learned from Education and Training In the past two years, I have acquired enormous knowledge about the basics of body building along with maintaining a good health. Through my training on physical fitness, I have learnt the ideas and principles which are associated with the development and application of individual physical activity plan. I have also gained an understanding about planning, applying, assessing and reviewing routine activities which contribute to health based fitness elements (Education and Advanced Learning, 2013). During by bachelor education, I also have acquired good communication skill which is regarded as vital trait for a gym trainer. This ability will allow me to deal with my clients effectively and to understand their interests and issues. Furthermore, in my educational career, I have also acquired the quality of inspiring other individuals. I have proper skill to guide people for accomplishing specific activities. In past two years while performing as a leader in my educational career, my performance was quite commendable as I have effectively motivated entire team towards accomplishing high performance. This ability would be helpful for me i n order to become a fitness trainer and can also enhance my employability (Lendrum, 2014). Throughout my specialisation in marketing, I have understood the basic ideologies of business, management and marketing. This course has close relationship with the career I pursue, i.e. to reach in a top-level position in Tesco. I was also educated about the problems and challenges of the business world and the methods to deal with them (Narver & Slater,

American revolutionary era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American revolutionary era - Essay Example Many colonists migrated from Great Britain to gain independence and to seek their own personal freedoms that the King George III clearly neglected. The desire to colonize the new world generally meant more liberation and strong urgency of independence. Undoubtedly, the American revolution has transformed American ideals and lives of ordinary Americans from many aspects. One of the first elements that have been transformed American lives is the concept of individuality and freedom. One of the main causes that initiated the revolutionary war was the geographic distance that separated the colonies from Great Britain. Many colonists migrated from Great Britain to gain independence and to seek their own personal freedoms that the King George III clearly neglected. The desire to colonize the new world generally meant more liberation and strong urgency of independence. This concept of liberation has been the focal point of Americans since the era of colonies to modern day America. The ideal s of democracy have been created from expressing individuality rather than conforming to a traditional mainstream society. America continues to take a great pride in individuality from many facets. Each American has the desire to have the prosperous in wealth and have a standard of life of luxury. This attribute can be traced back to the ideals of early colonists, who wanted to isolate themselves from the British rule on the first place. The expression of individuality and liberalism has been consistent element for all Americans and what makes America unique. Another element that has been derived as a result of the revolutionary war that has transformed America to be exceptional is the fact that Americans are conditioned to change and clash against status quo. Unlike other countries that continue to be dictated with status quo, Americans are quick to embed rapid changes to accommodate their country. Throughout history, America is known to embed these changes with the age of progress ivism and revolution. For instance,    John Locke once stated in his writing Second Treatise of Government, â€Å"Where there is no law, there is no freedom.† Every society makes and enforces laws that govern the individuals, businesses, and other organizations that function within. Since the American revolution, individuals have celebrated and enjoyed their God-given rights. This has manifested itself in America throughout the years, even in isolationism has managed to maintain its focus in domestic affairs to propel itself against other nations. Furthermore, America’s firm belief in its capitalism democratic principles has propelled it compared to other nations. In order to truly understand the influence that the Revolutionary war had on America, it is crucial to understand the root causes of these changes. One of the root cause the American Revolutionary War was the colonial legislatures that were enacted by the King. The enactment of these laws meant that that th e colonies continued to be pass laws and pay taxes to atone the sins of the Great Britain. King George III clearly had a safety net to protect himself when he was in trouble. In order to fund his financial burdens, the King would impose illogical taxes to the colonists. His behavior was brilliantly captured by Thomas Paine. In his literary work the â€Å"common sense† described King George as a â€Å"

Criminal Procedures in the News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Procedures in the News - Essay Example Safety measures have been given the topmost priority. All the cities are under heavy security. Surveillance is the one of the safety measures employed to check criminal activities. Though sometimes these activities may breach privacy policies citizens of America should understand that it is for their own good. After 9/11 the American policies towards international community has changed considerably. As President Bush said you are with us or against us. The main victims of criminal are the innocent citizens. Mostly children are attracted towards criminal activities. In the recent past we have seen the news of gun firing in schools and other educational institutions. These incidents indicates that how the society has been disturbed. There is no safety not even in their home state and in their own house. Though the police department and other security agencies are providing foolproof security no one knows who will strike terror and from where. The students and other children involved in shootouts were sent to juvenile homes. They were treated as juveniles. Special psychological treatments were given o them. Juvenile homes make every effort to turn them into responsible citizens. The main reason for children committing crimes is the domestic violence.

2)Debate the importance of Mahalia Jackson to The Movement. Do so with Essay

2)Debate the importance of Mahalia Jackson to The Movement. Do so with reference to a theoretical framework - Essay Example Being the first gospel superstar, up to date, many listeners still love her songs defining the symbol of transcendent power in her music (Darryl 2005, pp.129). With her gift of singularly and expressive contralto, she continues to inspire other generations of vocalists after her. In her music, she inculcated gospel with sensuality and freedom that had not been experienced before. She did that by introducing some blues elements into her music making her be among the first spiritual performers to do so. At the age of 16, like many Americans with an African background living in the south, she participated in the great migration to C she to Chicago, Illinois for better opportunities, Where she was invited in various places to perform her songs. Ever developing her spirit through church and its music, Jackson made the oath use her inimitable voice for spiritual song- a promise she kept. For instance, after her first service, she was invited join choir of the Greater Salem Church. She then began touring some of the city churches and the surrounding areas with one of the professional gospel groups, Johnson gospel singers (Colin 2005,pp 2107). Jackson was also given musical advice by Thomas A. Dorsey in 1929, viewed as the Father of Gospel Music, who also went further ahead and formed an association with her. According to Darryl, (2005) p. 132, some of her songs became her signature songs. Those included; ‘Take my Hand’ and ‘Precious Lord. In the mid 30s, Jackson met Evelyn Gay, a pianist, who accompanied her in her solo career. This was after the Johnson Brothers group members separated (Colin 2005, pp.2118). Later in 1937, she did her first recordings albums for Decca. At this period of time, her singing reputation grew throughout the Midwest. With her Decca song ‘Gods Gonna Separate the Wheat from the Tares’ which sold, she was prompted a lengthy studio break. Since her career

Criminal Procedures in the News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Procedures in the News - Essay Example Safety measures have been given the topmost priority. All the cities are under heavy security. Surveillance is the one of the safety measures employed to check criminal activities. Though sometimes these activities may breach privacy policies citizens of America should understand that it is for their own good. After 9/11 the American policies towards international community has changed considerably. As President Bush said you are with us or against us. The main victims of criminal are the innocent citizens. Mostly children are attracted towards criminal activities. In the recent past we have seen the news of gun firing in schools and other educational institutions. These incidents indicates that how the society has been disturbed. There is no safety not even in their home state and in their own house. Though the police department and other security agencies are providing foolproof security no one knows who will strike terror and from where. The students and other children involved in shootouts were sent to juvenile homes. They were treated as juveniles. Special psychological treatments were given o them. Juvenile homes make every effort to turn them into responsible citizens. The main reason for children committing crimes is the domestic violence.

How does Shakespeare present tension Essay Example for Free

How does Shakespeare present tension Essay The contrast in speech also applies to the language of the spirits of the Island which are shown to be quite delicate and poetic wild waves whist, Shakespeare uses alliteration of the letter w to slows the pace of the speech and produces sounds that makes Ariel seem less human or earth-bound but instead of the air or the waves. In contrast to the way Prospero treats Caliban, Prospero treats Ariel with affection, my dainty Ariel. Shakespeare uses the emphasis on the word my to suggest that Prospero is fonder of the possession of Ariel than Ariel himself. If the Island can be taken as a metaphor for humanity versus nature then the differences in the way Caliban and Ariel are treated by Prospero defines humanitys ambitions and fears. Prospero treats Ariel with love because he is an asset to him, fine apparition, my quant Ariel, and because of the power that Prospero gains through that control that makes him appear almost God-like. Humans control the elements to gain a level of direction in their lives, to make sense of the meaninglessness of life. It is this direction that leads Prospero to believe and aspire to be like God because it strangles the connection between him and the repulsive beings of nature he has power over, such as Caliban. Equality leads to lack of control and it is Calibans adamant rebellion to be seen inferior that sickens Prospero. In the Tempest, Caliban represents peoples natural state and when Prospero oppresses Caliban, Shakespeare is creating an image of civilisation repressing their natural selves and concluding that the tensions between civilisation and nature only exist because of the way civilisation resents its natural state. When Gonzalo speaks of his golden age he is explaining a world where nature and civilisation could exist as one without the tensions that are so apparent in the rest of the play. Gonzalo would have use of service, none, no occupation but rather live innocently with nature bringing forth of its own kind, all foison Shakespeare uses the structure of the speech, interrupted continuously by Antonio and Sebastian, to perhaps mock the idea and highlight its faults. The idea itself comes from a French philosopher who describes how the Europeans corrupted America with its advanced influence. Through Sebastian and Antonio, Shakespeare is undermining his words and this implies that his own opinion could be that nature and civilisation can never both exist without the differences or hostility between the two. I believe Shakespeare presents the tensions between Civilisation and Nature not as to highlight their difference, but rather to highlight the tension that is created by societys denial in their similarities. Perhaps the repulsion of Caliban is seen as a rejection of each of the more civilised characters untamed selves, their more sophisticated selves portrayed as wit, cunning or power. By this, I could say that Shakespeare is presenting Caliban as the only true character in the whole play, though coarse and unrefined he is evidently not a master of politics or scheming, such as the characters of Antonio and Sebastian, which has been learnt through the highest classes of civilised society. In this, Shakespeare is saying that both nature and civilisation are equal, the only difference being that nature is not in a state of self denial. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE The Tempest section.

Gunshot Forensic Analysis

Gunshot Forensic Analysis School of Chemistry MM4EOX: Electron-optical and X-ray Techniques Pages 12: Forensic investigation: trace evidence analysis for gun-shot residue Page 3: Phase identification : characterization of nanostructured materials Page 4: Enviromental safety: characterization of fine scale particle distribution Forensic investigation: trace evidence analysis for gun-shot residue Introduction The ability to identify gunshot residue has provided solution to the problems encountered in the resolution of forensic science, legal medicines, and for shooting distance determination. Visually comparing the casework powder residue pattern on the garment or on the skin of the victim with the pattern obtained from a series of test firings at known distances, using the same gun and ammunition has been used as a method for routinely estimating gunshot range. Burned and unburned powder grains, carbonaceous particles, bullet jacket debris, shaving and dirt have been shown to be examples of materials ejected from the bore of the weapon around the entrance hole of the bullet and have been used as materials for analytical determination in order to obtain a more and accurate result.1 An issue that has become very important in criminal investigation is trace evidence. Very often it come into place after the commission of a crime, well after the charges have been filed and well after the completion of forensic examination. Trace evidence can usually take the form of fibers, paint chips, soil, building materials, glass, gunshot residue, seeds, feathers, animal hair, human hair, wood fragments and other material. It has been proved that these substances are usually transferred between individuals during physical contacts and can also be transferred from individuals to environments and from environment to individuals.2 This report shows how complementary analytical techniques ranging from batch injection analysis (BIA) method, based on differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX), capillary electrophoresis, can been used to identify trace evidence for gun-shot residue. Batch Injection Analysis Batch injection analysis (BIA) method, based on differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) can been use to carry out forensic analysis of lead in gunshot residues (GSR). The design consist of a simple â€Å"J† shaped adaptor which is being used to direct the flux of the analyte injected with a micropipettor onto the hanging mercury drop electrode of any commercial electrode stand. Lifting with adhesive tape is usually selected for field use and pasting of the tape is done on polyethylene screens and stored in capped vials. Sampling is usually done with multiple strips and thus provides coarse mapping of the distribution of the Lead on the shooters hand following the dissolution/extraction step with chloroform/aqueous HCl. Certain volume of this aqueous phase is then injected for few seconds for accumulation of the Lead on the HMDE at a certain volt (vs. Ag/AgCl). A detection limit of 20 ng/mL of Pb(II), outreaching for GSR analysis can be achieved without oxygen r emoval, at a frequency of 20 injections per hour. Quantitative analysis has shown the detection of over 90% of lead residues.3 Scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive X-ray analysis Elemental analysis using SEM/EDX can be carried out in order to understand bullet structure and major elemental composition. Datas produced from elemental composition of bullets can be used in deciding the exact methods most appropriate for the identification of bullet hole and the determination of firing distance. Bullets and shots are usually collected from unfired cartridges and subsequently brushed with detergents and cleaned using tap water, distilled water, and acetone. Double-sided carbon tape can be used as a means of mounting jackets, lead cores and lead bullets and shot onto the sample stub on subjection to SEM/EDX analysis. The external surface, cross section of lead core, lead bullet, or lead shot can be subjected to elemental analysis using EDX. The internal surface and cross section of the jacket can also be subjected to elemental analysis in order to understand its structural composition. EDX measurement conditions can be set from the SEM unit with regards to spectral measurement, multi-point measurement, mapping, and display of analysed elements on the SEM monitor. The image data obtained from the SEM can be used as basic data for the EDX, while the setting conditions for the SEM units are automatically transferred to the EDX unit. The function which provides the strongest backup for elemental distribution is the Smart Map. The Smart Map operates by recording the X-ray spectral data for all analysis points on the test sample together with the positions of analysis, thus providing the user to recall valuable data as needed. Backscattered electron imaging mode in SEM is able to reveal layers of metals on the jackets cross-section and its subsequent compositions while on the other hand, EDX analysis is able to reveal the coating elements detected on the external surface of lead bullet.4-5 At the moment, this technique is widely accepted due to the morphological (SEM) and elemental (EDX) determination of the metal residue. Capillary electrophoresis Capillary electrophoresis can be used for the analysis of organic and inorganic components of gunshot residue in order to study sampling methodology, selectivity, reproducibility, quantification and the enhancement of the bulk analysis. A typical P/ACE MDQ Beckman capillary electrophoresis system is being used with polymide bare fused silica capillaries. A diode detector is usually used as a means of carrying out direct UV detection. A temperature of 25oC, with a positive voltage of 30KV and hydrodynamic injection of 5s and 0.5 p.s.i is usually used. The conditioning of new capillaries is usually done by rinsing with ethanol, HCL, NaOH at specific time and temperature. Between runs, the capillary is usually rinsed with deionised water, NaOH, and again with deionised water and background electrolyte at specific times. The sample is usually ejected into the capillary by temporal replacement of one of the buffer reservoir (usually at the anode) with a sample reservoir upon application o f either an electric potential or external pressure for a few seconds. Upon replacement of the buffer reservoir, an electric potential is applied between the capillary and the separation is performed. Optical UV-detection of the separated GSR component can be obtained directly through the capillary wall near the opposite end (usually near the cathode). Swabbing technique has been used as a means of obtaining samples from gunshot. This technique is however not too good in detecting important organic residue such as barium and antimony. Figure 1, shows a typical zone of sampling for gunshot residue.6-7 Figure1 Typical zones of sampling for gunshot residue. (A) web and (B) palm.7 Phase identification: characterization of nanostructured materials Complementary analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopies such as TEM SEM, and EDX spectrometry can be employed as a set of tools in characterizing a one-dimensional inorganic nanostructure in order to investigate the crystal structure, particle size distribution, morphology, composition and aggregate state. XRD The technique of XRD can be used to deduce the lattice parameter of inorganic nanostructures which can be used to provide information on the thermal properties of the material, strain state or an analysis of the defect structure. The diffraction pattern of the material can be indexed appropriately if the crystal structure of the material is known. For example, in a cubic system, the d spacing which correspond to each diffraction pattern is related to the lattice parameter a following the equation a2 = d2 / (h2 + k2 + l2) in which hkl are the miller indices. This is however used in indexing the diffraction pattern. This technique is however subject to systematic error in the position of the diffraction peaks and random error in the individual calculation of the lattice materials.8 The calculated lattice parameter value is usually compared with the experimental value and this can further be used for appropriate interpretation of result. SEM/EDX Nanostructured materials can be characterized by SEM integrated with an EDX analyzer in order to determine the particle morphology and chemical composition of the sample. The SEM column forms a focused probe of electrons on the sample while the beam current and probe current are usually adjusted as required. An image is formed by scanning the probe in a raster pattern on the sample, detecting some excited radiations from the sample, and storing the result either as a pattern of varying intensity levels on a cathode ray tube (CRT) screen or an a pattern of digital values in electronic memory for later manipulation and display. SEM images are usually formed by detecting either the secondary (low-energy) electrons emitted from the sample, or the backscattered (high-energy) electrons.9 Secondary electron images can provide information on the sample topography thus revealing information about the grain size distribution of the material. TEM/EDX TEM/EDX investigation of nanostructured materials can provide a more detailed information about the smallest particle. When the selection area diffraction (SAD) pattern is projected onto the viewing screen, we can use this pattern to perform the two most basic imaging operations in the TEM. In order to form an image in TEM, we either use the central spot, or we use some or all of the scattered electrons. The way we choose which electron forms the image is to insert an aperture into the back focal plane of the objective lens, thus blocking out most of the diffraction pattern except that which is visible through the aperture. If the direct beam is selected the resultant image is a bright-field (BF) image and if the scattered electrons are selected then the resultant image is the dark-field (DF) image.10 The dark-field imaging and digitization of particles can be used to extract size distribution of the grains through thresholding and measurement of the projected areas. Enviromental safety: characterization of fine scale particle distributions Appraisal of the fine scale particle distributions emitted from a waste disposal furnace can be carried out using SEM/EDX to investigate the particle morphology, composition and chemistry, while TEM/EDX can be carried out to give a more detailed information about the particle size distribution and SIMS to determine isotopic ratios. SEM/EDX SEM equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer can be used determine the elemental composition, morphology and chemistry of emitted particle in a waste disposal furnace. In order to determine the emitted particle containing the heavy metals, the sample is subjected to backscattered electron imaging while emitted particle containing salts can be imaged in the secondary electron mode. The detected backscattered electrons originate from the larger volume of the sample than do secondary electrons, and thus form an image of lower resolution. Focusing of a small spot on the high Z area followed by analysis of the X-ray signal with EDX allows the resulting X-ray lines to be detected and the elemental composition determined. TEM/EDX TEM images of the sample which comprises DF and BF can be coupled with EDX analysis and chemical mapping can be carried out. Both DF and BF imaging in TEM can be used to investigate the metal speciation in the fine fraction of the emitted particle furnace. DF imaging and digitization of the particle can be used to extract size distribution through thresholding and measurement of project areas. Elemental composition of the emitted particle could be detected in small aggregates upon analysis by EDX and selected area electron diffraction. SIMS Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be used to determine isotopic ratios of the heavy metals from within emitted particles. It operates by switching between masses and it possesses two microfocus ion sources. Sputtering is usually done with a primary O2+ and the intensity controlled by tuning the primary ion beam. The instrument can operate with a mass resolution power (MRP) of 25000.11 REFERENCES [1] Roberto G, Anna P and Salvatore, J Forensic Sci, March 2008, Vol. 53, No. 2. [2] Douglas D, Crime Scene, United States Attorneys Bulletin, 2001Vol. 49 No. 5. [3] Adriana D, Ivano G and R. Gutz, Electroanalysis 2005, 17, No. 2. [4] Hsien-Hui M, and Yen-Lin C, Forensic Science Journal 2006 5:21-34. [5] Toshikazu Y, Sukehiro I, Yoshinori N, Keith S, Readout, 2001 No. 22. [6] Richard A, Jennifer M, Harry E, Background theory and principles of capillary electrophoresis. [7] Ernesto B, Alma L. Revilla V,J. Chromatography A, 1061 (2004) 225-233

Current Research on a New Spacecraft Autonomy Architecture named Remote

Remote Agent Part 1: Introduction to Spacecraft Autonomy Abstract This first paper of a two-part series introduces current research on a new spacecraft autonomy architecture, named Remote Agent, which applies artificial intelligence techniques to spacecraft control functions. The necessity for autonomy technology is nowhere greater than in deep space missions. Remote Agent is a model-based autonomous system being developed in a collaborative effort between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Ames Research Center. This spacecraft control scheme is composed of three parts that work together: 1) the Planner-Scheduler, 2) Mode Identification and Recovery, and 3) the Smart Executive. Models of the spacecraft's components and environment are given to Remote Agent and it figures out the necessary detailed operating procedures on its own. Because autonomy improves mission performance and reduces costs, autonomously controlled spacecraft will become more prominent in future space missions. Introduction The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is being confronted with the challenge to perform more frequent and intensive space-exploration missions at greatly reduced cost. Nowhere is this more crucial than among robotic planetary exploration missions that the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) conducts for NASA. This paper describes current research on a new spacecraft autonomy architecture using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to challenging computational problems in planning and scheduling, and real-time monitoring and control. Work on this software package combines research from diverse areas of AI such as model-based reasoning, qualitative reasoning, planning an... ...-122. 2. "Automata Theory", The New Encyclopedia Brittanica , Vol. 14, 1987 ed., pp 520-28. 3. Williams, Brian C., and P. Pandurang Nayak, Immobile Robots: AI in the New Millennium , AI Magazine, Fall 1996, pp. 16-35. 4. Wan, D., Braspenning, P., and G. Vreeswijk, Limits to Ground Control in Autonomous Spacecraft , Telematics and Infomatics, Vol. 12, No. 3/4, pp 247-59. 5. Schilling, K., De LaFontaine, J., and H. Roth, Autonomy Capabilities of European Deep Space Probes , Autonomous Robots, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1996, pp 19-30. 6. NASA New Millennium Program website, [ http://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/News/press/01_09_97.html ] 7. Hanson, Mark L., and Lorraine M. Fesq, A Software Architecture for Next Generation Satellites , TRW Space and Electronics Group, Redondo Beach, CA, Presented at the 1997 Highly Autonomous Systems Workshop, Pasadena, CA, April 10-11, 1997.

A Movement Away From Colloquial Singapore English :: Singapore Language Papers

A Movement Away From Colloquial Singapore English ‘The need for intelligibility and the need for identity often pull people – and countries – in opposing directions. The former motivates the learning of an international language, with English as the first choice in most cases; the latter motivates the promotion of ethnic language and culture’ (David Crystal, 1997). Language planning policies in Singapore have often been characterised by the ‘desire to achieve a balance between the national pride of linguistic ownership and the need for international intelligibility’ (Khoo 1993: 67). This is evident, for instance, in the state’s current move to promote the use of Standard English (particularly the variety known as Standard Singaporean English, or SSE) and to discourage that variety known as Colloquial Singapore English (CSE, or Singlish as it is popularly known), although in this case, the state’s ‘desire to achieve a balance’ between intelligibility and identity appears to be one involving conflict rather than compromise – one in which these two principles (embodied by SSE and CSE respectively) appear to be opposing linguistic forces, and in which the former appears to be espoused and the latter (at least in the case of CSE, though not that of the ethnic ‘mother tongues’) denigrated. T his essay will study whether (and if so, why) these two principles are truly opposed to each other, as seemingly implied by both the David Crystal quotation and the English language policy in Singapore, and in what way the application of these principles may result (as stated in the Crystal quotation) in the ‘pulling apart’ of people and countries, especially in the sense of socio-economic inequality and marginalisation on both international and intra-national levels; and all these will in turn be related to the present-day situation in Singapore. At first sight, the need for identity and intelligibility appear to be irreconcilable on a linguistic level, the former requiring the adherence to a dominant language variety (such as Standard English) as well as its set of linguistic norms in order for speakers to maintain mutual comprehension, and thus implicitly demanding the non-usage or even abandonment of alternate varieties (Leith and Graddol, 1996: 139); the latter demanding, by contrast, the use of languages or varieties apart from this dominant variety as a way of identifying with one’s culture and distinguishing it from the rest (Crystal 1997: 133–134) – languages and varieties that are, however, incomprehensible to a large proportion of the world population and will therefore (as some perceive: e. A Movement Away From Colloquial Singapore English :: Singapore Language Papers A Movement Away From Colloquial Singapore English ‘The need for intelligibility and the need for identity often pull people – and countries – in opposing directions. The former motivates the learning of an international language, with English as the first choice in most cases; the latter motivates the promotion of ethnic language and culture’ (David Crystal, 1997). Language planning policies in Singapore have often been characterised by the ‘desire to achieve a balance between the national pride of linguistic ownership and the need for international intelligibility’ (Khoo 1993: 67). This is evident, for instance, in the state’s current move to promote the use of Standard English (particularly the variety known as Standard Singaporean English, or SSE) and to discourage that variety known as Colloquial Singapore English (CSE, or Singlish as it is popularly known), although in this case, the state’s ‘desire to achieve a balance’ between intelligibility and identity appears to be one involving conflict rather than compromise – one in which these two principles (embodied by SSE and CSE respectively) appear to be opposing linguistic forces, and in which the former appears to be espoused and the latter (at least in the case of CSE, though not that of the ethnic ‘mother tongues’) denigrated. T his essay will study whether (and if so, why) these two principles are truly opposed to each other, as seemingly implied by both the David Crystal quotation and the English language policy in Singapore, and in what way the application of these principles may result (as stated in the Crystal quotation) in the ‘pulling apart’ of people and countries, especially in the sense of socio-economic inequality and marginalisation on both international and intra-national levels; and all these will in turn be related to the present-day situation in Singapore. At first sight, the need for identity and intelligibility appear to be irreconcilable on a linguistic level, the former requiring the adherence to a dominant language variety (such as Standard English) as well as its set of linguistic norms in order for speakers to maintain mutual comprehension, and thus implicitly demanding the non-usage or even abandonment of alternate varieties (Leith and Graddol, 1996: 139); the latter demanding, by contrast, the use of languages or varieties apart from this dominant variety as a way of identifying with one’s culture and distinguishing it from the rest (Crystal 1997: 133–134) – languages and varieties that are, however, incomprehensible to a large proportion of the world population and will therefore (as some perceive: e.

Frankenstein: A Critical Analysis

A Critical Analysis Author-centered Reading Early 19th century gothic novel, Frankincense, has provided an excellent base for an author-centered analysis, given the prominence of Shelley circumstantial Influence and strong symbolism. Born at the turn of the 18th century in London, Mary Shelley was exposed to venerated authors and their works from a young age. Showing her ability and promise early on In life, she went on to write a number of acclaimed novels, Including Valier and The Last Man.Shelley Imagery compares to the best of 19th century Romantic literature and has helped establish her as one of the time's retreat authors. (Academic, 2009) Through Frankincense, I have Implied Mary Shelley to be strongly opposed to the Idea of ‘playing god' and transgressing the human Limitations. She has used strong Juxtaposition to highlight the horror of the monster, contrasting It to the sporadic scenes of beautiful valleys and mountain ranges.Through her use of this technique, it is c lear that Shelley herself is disgusted with the monster, though she has attempted to justify the actions and behaviors of it throughout. Her personal disgust and rejection of the wretch comes through in the behavior of the characters, with only one, an old, blind man ever coming close to accepting him. As Victor says, â€Å"There can be no community between you and me; we are enemies†. (Shelley, 2000, p. 82) Though the monster had done no wrong, initially, and only desired to be loved, â€Å"l was benevolent and good; misery made me a fiend† (Shelley, 2000, p. 2), he was accepted by none. It seemed thus, that Shelley was trying to show that even if man successfully reached god-like achievements, he and his creation would not enjoy any form of acceptance as the heart of man opposes him to such ghastly and horrific actions. At the beginning of Chapter 5, it is seen that Frankincense calls his creation the wretch' before it had even awoken, How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavourer to form? † (Shelley, 2000, p. 1) Although these words were technically spoken after it occurred, in Frankincense's recount to Walton, Shelley could have chosen to refer to the monster in an objective manner at this point, instead in this subjective way. By doing this, however, the monster Is portrayed as lesser than human, not worthy and is degraded In the eyes f the reader, without any actions of the monster being recounted. As said, Shelley Juxtaposed the monster to the scenic landscapes. This Is technique Is evident here as well, though not in exactly the same manner.The next scene after Frankincense creates the monster, has Frankincense Joyfully re-unlit with Clerical. Recounting the scene between Frankincense and Clerical, Shelley uses exclamation marks to dramatist the situation In order to draw a starker comparison with the previous scene. Then, as quickly as the mo od turned Joyful, It became drastically solemn as the conversation turned to Victors exploits. Nature has also played a large part in the novel and is key to understanding certain elements.Set in the 18th century in Switzerland, the novel's locale draws key inspiration from Shelley circumstance at the time, being that it was conceived in Switzerland, only a few years after it came across strongly in the novel. â€Å"the moon gazed on my midnight labors, while, with unrelated and breathless eagerness, I pursued nature to her hiding places† (Shelley, 2000, p. 39) Shelley has personified nature quite strongly and through words like these, Shelley has established nature as an all-powerful, god-like being.This further enhances the view that she was bringing across the point that no one should attempt to breach nature's omnipotence. In this way, she has likened nature to an all-powerful God. Shelley also re-enforced the power of nature – God – through her language â⠂¬Å"As I stood at the door, on a sudden I beheld a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oak which stood about twenty yards from out house; and so soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained but a blasted stump† (Shelley, 2000, p. 26).What Shelley has done for nature though, she has done the opposite for man. Mary Shelley has brought across humans as being incompetent, insensible beings. When the wretch leaves evidence of Justine killing Will on her person, she is arrested and does not receive a proper trial, being lynched by members of the public. Later on, in an encounter between the wretch and Frankincense, the monster says, muff accuse me of murder; and yet you would, with satisfied conscience, destroy your own creature. Oh, praise the eternal justice of man! † (Shelley, 2000, p. 2) Through this, it would seem that Mary Shelley had become disillusioned with man-kind and its constant endeavourers to ‘play-god', en in advances within science and medicine. Shelley was likely influenced by the times she was in, through influential figures like Jean-Jacques Rousseau who criticized the view that man should exert his influence and superiority over nature by ‘Playing-God'. Shelley was a strong advocate for Rousseau, opposing others like Henry Bacon, who were of the view that Frankincense was of at the start of his time at the University of Inconstant.The Author-centered approach has evolved over the past century and continues to do so, most recently with Farther' Death of the Author of 1967. Instead of viewing the author as the sole influence of the texts' meaning, the contemporary view sees persons taking interest in the author; his/her background and circumstance to discern the link between them and their work (QUA Syllabus, 2011) I first applied Authorial Intent with special consideration given to Wimpiest and Beardsley Intentional Fallacy of 1946.This provided a base for analyzing Frankinc ense without being clouded by the presumed design or intention of the author which according to Wimpiest and Beardsley, â€Å"is neither available nor desirable as a standard for Judging he success of a literary work of art† (Wimpiest and Beardsley, 1946, p. L) Upon reading Intentional Fallacy I saw that Frankincense was a ubiquitous representation of the canonical life of Mary Shelley, not Just the intended meaning she desired. The theory states that, â€Å"an author's stated purpose cannot determine all the legitimate readings that may be made in his/her text. (QUA, 2011) Thus, in keeping with Intentional Fallacy, I recognized the relationship between the author, Shelley, and her text. As I said in my first paragraph, â€Å"Through Frankincense, I have implied Mary Shelley to be tryingly opposed to the idea of ‘playing god' and transgressing the human limitations. † The use of Pullet's â€Å"criticism of consciousness† theory helped establish that the u se of literary devices and her language to bring this point across displays that, as I said in my reading, â€Å"Shelley herself is disgusted with The Monster†.The author-function, specifically the characteristics of attribution and valuation, as introduced by Factual, also led my reading. Valuation states that an author is not defined purely through his/her discourse but, â€Å"It results from a complex operation hose purpose is to construct the rational entity we call an author† (Factual, 1977). Thus I constructed my view of Shelley from her â€Å"profundity or ‘creative' power†.This is seen all throughout my reading, though most profoundly in my final paragraph, where I state that I am of the view that Shelley â€Å"had become disillusioned with man- kind and its constant endeavourers to ‘play-god† However, the complications of this being perceived as Universality may be questioned as different readings are drawn from Frankincense. The char acteristic of Attribution also showed that my previous dead and knowledge of Mary Shelley as a widely acclaimed author and prominent figure, whose work has lasted till current day, influenced my construction of her.The work of Brooks and Pollute, used in conjunction, was a prime dictator in the course of my reading. The main theory I applied was that â€Å"literature is ultimately metaphorical and symbolic. † (Brooks, 1947) Thus, a closer analysis of the words Shelley used revealed the Pantheism in Frankincense. As I said in my reading, â€Å"Shelley has established nature as an all-powerful, god-like being†. I understood the reason Enid this better after a study of Spinning's work, based on Descartes' dualist theory. Spinal brought into play that God, instead of a physical, anthropomorphism's being, is in fact the composition of nature.Pullet's theory of â€Å"criticism of consciousness† â€Å"embodiment of the state of mind† of Shelley (Pollute, 1971). This is important as it guided me to become conscious of Shelley ‘cogitator' and its impact on my construction of her as an author. This type of Close-reading is advocated by New Criticism (Henderson and Brown, 1997), further allowing me to analyses the construction of Shelley sentences and word-use, to detect symbolism and metaphors. This came through in the third paragraph of my reading, when referring to Shelley use of the word Wretch' so early on.Applying Brooks' theory helped me identify the deeper symbolism in this. I was thus able to recognize that the referral to Victor's creation in such a subjective manner had deeper roots, not Just showing Victor's personal disgust but also causing the monster to appear unworthy of ordinary humans â€Å"†¦ The monster is portrayed as lesser than human and not worthy and is degraded in the eyes of the reader†¦ (Reading) I was also able to analyses Shelley use of punctuation, to further enhance the Juxtaposition between the somber references to the monster and the happier circumstances.Brooks' and Pullet's theories also have elements of the text-centered approach in them, with this approach claiming that the text is place where meaning is found (QUA, 2011, p. 4). Here the subtleties between Historical and New Criticism become evident, with old criticism embracing literature as a form of authorial self-expression, Romanticism (Henderson and Brown, 1997). The shift in thinking though of authorial self-expression to inner symbolism and author omniscience makes it hard to fully identify and articulate Shelley intention. My construction of Shelley, though, seemed at first to be invalid with T. S.Elitist's Tradition And The Individual Talent, which espouses that when critiquing a work, one must take into account the other authors of that time (Adams, 1971) In Elitist's words, â€Å"we pretend to find what is individual, what is the peculiar essence of the man†(Elliot, 1921). This would mean that my b elief that the language in Frankincense symbolizes Pantheism is wrong as it is based purely on Mary Shelley. However, upon closer analysis, I realized that in fact, it supported my conclusions. The key example I would like to present is that of Wordsmith and Coleridge, founders of the Romantic Movement in England.Both of them were strong supporters and advocates of Pantheism, helping to bring Rousseau work to recognition through their own writings. Both were also frequent visitors to the Godwin household (A+E Networks, 2012). Thus Shelley would have grown up around the work of these two men, the Venerated authors' I mentioned in my first paragraph. What I saw here, was sound proof that Intellectuality, or as said by Elliot, â€Å"importance of the relation of the poem o other poems by other authors† (Elliot, 1921) played a large part in Frankincense.